The Volokh Conspiracy

Where Are the McLawsuits?

Some legal analysts have been anticipating a surge of lawsuits against fast-food chains and other purveyors of "unhealthy" foods. The underlying assumption is that fat would be the "next tobacco" -- a prospect derided by proponents of tort reform and critics of our litigious society. Thus far, however, the wave of fat suits have yet to materialize.

Weil, Gotshal & Manges attorney Lianne Pinchuk does not think this is an accident, as there are important distinctions between tobacco and fat-based tort claims. "Attempts to use tobacco litigation as a model for fast food litigation have generally failed and will likely continue to fail in the future," she writes in the National Law Journal. Among other things, many state legislatures have acted to insulate fast-food chains from certain types of suits, whereas some state legislatures sought to facilitate claims against tobacco companies. There has also yet to be a "smoking gun" document suggesting fast-food companies have acted in bad faith. As Pinchuk concludes:

Despite the lack of success of obesity-related personal injury cases thus far, it is important to remember that when allegations were first made against tobacco companies, the possibility of large verdicts seemed remote. It was only once the litigation reached the discovery phase and negative internal documents were revealed that large plaintiffs' verdicts became possible. The Big Food cases to date have generally not led to discovery, and only Big Food itself knows what damning documents may exist. If they do exist and are discovered by plaintiffs lawyers, they may provide ammunition for more suits and increasing verdicts. Right now, however, fast food companies are enjoying more protections than tobacco companies ever did, and it appears that Big Food is not the next Big Tobacco.

JonC:
As far as I know, the Pelman case is still pending in SDNY. My guess is that a lot of potential obesity plaintiffs are waiting to see the ultimate outcome of this leading case, which could partially explain my McLawsuits haven't exploded yet.
2.28.2007 9:58am
JonC:
That should of course be "why McLawsuits haven't exploded yet."
2.28.2007 9:59am
Andrew W (mail) (www):
Additionally there aren't many of the same structural elements present. Cigarettes are addictive; burgers, not really. Cigarette makers misled consumers (and still do) about the contents of their product; McDonald's doesn't (though they don't brag about fat content either). Cigarette makers responded to health complaints by introducing "light" cigarettes, which turned out to be more deadly than regular ones; fast food restaurants responded with salads.
2.28.2007 10:13am
neutral:

Cigarette makers responded to health complaints by introducing "light" cigarettes, which turned out to be more deadly than regular ones; fast food restaurants responded with salads.

Just wait until some law firm peddles the idea that salads are more deadly and accuses Big Food of deception for introducing them. I will not be surprised.
2.28.2007 10:38am
jallgor (mail):
If I recall correctly when Sweet dimissed Pelhman he did so without prejudice and gave the plaintiffs a roadmap for a successful repleading. Essentially, he said that you can't win by claiming the food is inherently unhealthy because everyone knows that. Even the restatement of torts states that you can't bring a product liabilty claim based on the inherent dangers of butter or fatty foods. The key to repleading was to show that McDonald's food was not what it appeared to be or was even unhealthier than one would naturally expect. I believe he referred to the Frankenstien McNugget as an example of something that may have so many unexpected chemicals and preservatives in it that plaintiffs might succesfully bring a suit based on the hidden dangers.
I was expecting some repleading about how McDonald's misled consumers about what was actually in their food but I don't believe it has happened.
2.28.2007 10:57am
M. Simon (mail) (www):
Tobacco is an anti-depressant.

Surprisingly food has a similar effect.

Now that we understand this can we end the drug war?

Pot is an anti-depressant. Did I mention cocaine? Meth?

Well the stupidity multiplies.
2.28.2007 11:20am
JonC:
Jallgor: the procedural is actually a bit more complicated than that. Sweet dismissed once without prejudice with instructions for re-pleading. Plaintiffs re-pleaded, but Sweet was still not satisfied, so he dismissed again, this time with prejudice. However, he was reversed by the 2d Cir. and the suit was reinstated. Defendants moved for a more definitive statement under FRCP 12(e), which Sweet granted/denied in part. Defendants made one last motion to dismiss, which Sweet denied, ordering defendants to file an answer within 30 days. That was in September.
2.28.2007 11:22am
Steve:
Asbestos cases are another area where litigation was relatively sparse until some enterprising lawyers uncovered the smoking gun. Now, of course, everyone is getting rich off their hard work.

One shouldn't assume, however, that such smoking guns are just waiting to be uncovered in all cases.
2.28.2007 12:00pm
Esquivel (mail):
And it's also important that what plaintiffs' lawyers feel is a smoking gun is often not, in fact, any such thing. Cherry picking documents out of context and making the issue emotional is par for the course.
2.28.2007 12:04pm
Steve:
Oh, right, the smoking guns in the asbestos and tobacco cases were pretty much overhyped and taken out of context. Sometimes I forget that.
2.28.2007 12:12pm
Adeez (mail):
If the lawyers here think we have a bad rep. now, wait until people start recovering millions from these types of lawsuits. We'll all have to go into hiding.
2.28.2007 12:31pm
r78:

And it's also important that what plaintiffs' lawyers feel is a smoking gun is often not, in fact, any such thing. Cherry picking documents out of context and making the issue emotional is par for the course.

Yes, it is important to remember that when W.R. Grace scientists were discussing how asbestos exposure causes disease and death in the 1950s, they were doing so in a certain context and that it is unfair to get all emotional about that and just because Grace continued to argue even as it went into bankruptcy in 2001 that asbestos was no more dangerous than peanut butter that we need to keep all of that stuff in context.
2.28.2007 12:31pm
markm (mail):
Tobacco is at least physically addictive, which anyone who understands the word "addiction" and has ever observed a smoker trying to quit would see - and the tobacco companies lied about it, for instance hiring doctors to attest to health benefits from smoking. Fast food is not addictive, and the sellers never have to my knowledge claimed their food was good for you (except for the salads), just that it tasted good. (That's a matter of opinion, but obviously any qualified plaintiff would agree...)
2.28.2007 12:46pm
David Walser:
Plaintiffs against Big Food don't have to win to have a chilling effect (result, not just influence). Having to defend these suits, whether there is any material risk of losing them or not, is a significant burden on Big Food that will change what we are allowed to eat in this country. Some view that as a feature. I view it as a bug. I have a strong preference for public policy to be set by the legislature and for such policy to be enforced by an elected executive. I don't want policy to be set and enforced by a group of profit maximizing attorneys -- even if I occasionally agree with the result achieved. Such power should not be in the hands of private parties.
2.28.2007 12:48pm
David Walser:
Tobacco is at least physically addictive, which anyone who understands the word "addiction" and has ever observed a smoker trying to quit would see.... Fast food is not addictive....

The meaning of the word "addictive" has changed over the years. When I was in grade school, I was taught that tobacco was "habit forming", not addictive. Heroin was addictive. The difference was your body went through severe withdrawal symptoms (such as muscle cramps, debilitating pain, hallucinations, etc.) when denied something it was addicted to. Nothing nearly as severe happens when you try to give up cigarettes. (Recall how Senator Dole was ridiculed when he said he didn't think tobacco was addictive. He just hadn't kept up with the changing definition of the term.)

I have little doubt that, given the dollars involved, the term addictive can be stretched to cover the craving I occasionally feel for a Big Mac. They call it a "Big Mac attack", don't they?
2.28.2007 1:01pm
llamasex (mail) (www):
I really doubt fast food companies ever wrote burgers and fries were just mechanisms for delivering fat and that they were in the fat delivering service. I don't support fast food lawsuits and I am glad they are failing, however if they put out memos like this

"Nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine--an addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanisms."

"The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a package. The product is nicotine....Think of the cigarette pack as a storage container for a day's supply of nicotine....Think of a cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine. Think of a puff of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine....Smoke is beyond question the most optimised vehicle of nicotine and the cigarette the most optimised dispenser of smoke." (Philip Morris, 1972)

I might change my mind.
2.28.2007 1:28pm
Ted Frank (www):
There are tens of thousands of people and consultants working for food manufacturers and providers; each of these people have their own unique opinions, and several have every incentive to attract attention to themselves by coming up with groundbreaking ideas for rethinking existing marketing strategy. It would be stunning if, after searching through tens of millions of pages of documents, plaintiffs' attorneys were not sufficiently creative to find at least one document that could be painted as a smoking gun in hindsight, especially given the billions of dollars of incentive the legal system creates for inventing a plausible conspiracy theory. Any defense attorney who has seen an engineer's napkin-scribbling turned into a justification for hundreds of millions of dollars of punitive damages should expect as much.
2.28.2007 1:47pm
CrosbyBird:
Just wait until some law firm peddles the idea that salads are more deadly and accuses Big Food of deception for introducing them. I will not be surprised.

McDonalds has nutritional information on its website.

Big Mac:
540 calories (260 from fat), 29 g fat, 1040 mg sodium

Bacon Ranch Salad with Crispy Chicken:
350 calories (150 from fat), 16 g fat, 1150 mg sodium PLUS
Newman's Own Ranch Dressing:
170 calories (130 from fat), 15 g fat, 530 mg sodium

It's not an outragous argument that the salad is at least as bad for you as the burgers are, with more fat, and more sodium. That Ranch salad is far from a healthy alternative.

If you think I'm unfair using the Bacon Ranch salad, look up the Caesar Dressing, which is worse than the ranch dressing, and even subsitution of grilled chicken doesn't make the salad healthy. That dressing is the worst part.

I'm against the whole food-lawsuit in the first place, but something makes me uncomfortable about the general assumption most people will make... that because it's a salad, it's much healthier. And it's not like it is an accident on the part of the advertisers.
2.28.2007 2:14pm
Colin (mail):
I have little doubt that, given the dollars involved, the term addictive can be stretched to cover the craving I occasionally feel for a Big Mac. They call it a "Big Mac attack", don't they?

McDonalds might not have to worry, but White Castle does. Heroin's got nothing on a platter full of sliders.
2.28.2007 2:26pm
rarango (mail):
Even starbucks has some drinks that are over 600 calories.
2.28.2007 2:29pm
Steve:
Having to defend these suits, whether there is any material risk of losing them or not, is a significant burden on Big Food that will change what we are allowed to eat in this country.

Take a look at the legal expenses involved in defending these lawsuits, as compared to the revenues of "Big Food," and get back to me if you still believe this. In other words, if there is no "material risk of losing," the "burden" on the industry is imperceptible.
2.28.2007 3:51pm
David Walser:
Steve,

My experience must be different than yours. I've seen both my clients and my own firm take very large actions to avoid outcomes that were estimated to have less than a 1% chance of materializing. If one of these law suits pays off for the plaintiffs, McDonalds is out business. My experience is firm-terminating-outcomes tend to gather a lot of attention, no matter how unlikely the event's occurrence may be.

Besides, my sense of fairness is offended when someone is forced to bear a needless burden no matter how rich that person might be. So the possibility that McDonalds might be able to bear the burden does not molify my concern if I do not believe the suits are a proper way to set public policy.
2.28.2007 4:50pm
David M. Nieporent (www):
Llamasex: you know what might change my mind? If it turned out that tobacco companies didn't put warnings on every single package they sold over the last 40 years that smoking could be harmful.
2.28.2007 7:42pm
Joshua:
The meaning of the word "addictive" has changed over the years.

Indeed, you may recall that George W. Bush coined a new mutation of that meaning last year, when he referred to American society's dependence on petroleum as an addiction. If this mutation gains footing beyond oil, it could come back to bite the fast food industry down the road.

Americans by and large lead very busy lives, and most of us simply don't have enough time or energy to prepare three nutritious meals per day for ourselves and/or our families. The main appeal of fast food isn't that it's tasty, and certainly not that it's nutritious. The main appeal of fast food is that it's convenient and, well, fast. That convenience is the real equivalent of nicotine in fast food. If it all suddenly disappeared tomorrow and we were all forced to prepare all our own meals again, many of us simply wouldn't know how to cope. In that sense, the addiction meme applies at least as well to fast food as it does to oil. If the trial lawyers ever pick up on this, watch out.
2.28.2007 7:57pm
Joshua:
To clarify a bit: Convenience is the equivalent of nicotine in that it's the addictive component of fast food. Fat and calories would merely be the equivalent of tar (i.e. the component that actually does the most health damage).
2.28.2007 8:08pm
Steve:
If one of these law suits pays off for the plaintiffs, McDonalds is out business.

That must explain why Philip Morris is out of business.

Come on. By your logic, no one can even go INTO business in the first place, because there's some tiny chance that a frivolous lawsuit might drive them out someday. There's no sense in which a "very large action" is justified because of a risk that has "less than a 1% chance of materializing"; I've never seen a corporate client make a decision like that in my entire career. And I don't think the specter of wholly irrational cost-benefit analyses should be used to justify legislating some sort of special immunity.

Your prediction is that the mere existence of these lawsuits, unless we stop them before they run their course in the legal system, will "change what we are allowed to eat in this country." I think that's just utter Chicken Little tripe. Crazy mass tort theories are a dime a dozen, and the result is typically nothing more than a few extra warning labels. If companies changed their entire business model to avoid every crazy theory that comes down the pike, they'd be doing it once a week.

But it's nice that we have Ted Frank here to advise us prospectively that even if the plaintiffs do find a smoking gun, it's sure to be some random memo from a middle manager that's being taken entirely out of context. I wonder what it's like to have such extreme faith in corporate righteousness.
2.28.2007 8:33pm
logicnazi (mail) (www):
There may be many good ways to differentiate fast food and cigarettes but I hardly think this is the reason we haven't seen many McLawsuits.

The answer, it seems to me, is far simpler: public attitude. Back when a much larger percent of the population smoked cigarette lawsuits would have been just as unlikely to go forward. If it's a practice that you occasionally indulge in it is very difficult to see people who choose to do the same as helpless victims.

I suspect that if as many people who don't see smoking as even an occasional option felt that way about fast food we would start to see a shift in attitudes. People who ate too much fast food would start to be viewed as victims and eventually juries would be sympathetic to claims against fast food providers. It just isn't going to happen while such a large portion of the population will hit up McDonalds when on a road trip.
2.28.2007 11:03pm
Leah Guildenstern (www):
Am I the only one who that it is particularly appropriate that tobacco is the area of litigation that has a smoking gun?
3.1.2007 3:32am
markm (mail):

When I was in grade school, I was taught that tobacco was "habit forming", not addictive. Heroin was addictive. The difference was your body went through severe withdrawal symptoms (such as muscle cramps, debilitating pain, hallucinations, etc.) when denied something it was addicted to. Nothing nearly as severe happens when you try to give up cigarettes.

I suspect you were misinformed, both as to the severity of heroin withdrawal and as to the effects of cigarette withdrawal. There is a difference of degree there, but not of kind, and judging by how many smokers can't go through with it I doubt the degree of suffering is that much less. I don't know where to look for statistics, but I expect there is a considerably higher percentage of heroin addicts that manage to kick the habit and stay clean than there is of cigarette smokers. Cigarette smokers who quit cold turkey are sick for a week, and most don't stick it out. Quitting heroin cold turkey is hard, but that's not what keeps addicts on the drug, it's that they still want it after they get through withdrawal - and furthermore, having reset their system, the next dose will give them a better high than they've experienced in a long time!
3.1.2007 4:20pm
Jim Copland (www):
It took a LONG time before tobacco companies ever lost a suit. The science on, e.g., trans-fatty acids and high fructose corn syrup is still evolving. I wouldn't in any way say that the fast-food and carbonated beverage industries can relax. And as Ted notes, there are lots of opportunities for mischaracterizing corporate behavior through yet-unfinished discovery.
3.2.2007 12:22pm
Rich Rostrom (mail):
There is no product comparable to tobacco. Betel nuts in the tropics, maybe. There are no products which produce similar health effects on consumers.

McFood is food, differing only in minor ways from all the other food products people consume. Any bad effect produced by consuming McFood can be avoided by limiting consumption, and replicated by consuming other food products, even those viewed as "healthy". Hardly anyone consumes McFood to the exclusion of other food.

Suing McD's for being the particular cause of obesity would be like suing Absolut or Miller for being the particular cause of alcoholism.
3.2.2007 1:35pm