The Volokh Conspiracy

Policy and Reactions to Tragedy:
Eugene asks below about how we respond to tragedies, and in particular whether it is appropriate to focus on policy so soon after hearing about tragedies. Obviously people can do what they like; people are complicated, and will react to tragic events in different ways. But in my view, the problem with responding to news of tragedy with policy ideas right away is that we tend not to realize in such situations how often our "proposals" are really expressions of psychological need. It's human nature to respond to tragedy by fitting it into our preexisting worldviews; we instinctively restore order by construing the tragic event as a confirmation of our sense of the world rather than a threat to it.

  This means that often we won't pay a lot of attention to the details of tragedies and what caused them. We'll just know deep down inside what happened, and what caused it, and how to stop it next time. Take today's tragic events at VA Tech. If you're committed to gun control, the tragedy probably proves to you that there are too many guns; if you're against gun control, the tragedy probably proves the exact opposite. Given that people will tend to see in events what they want to see, turning to policy right away will come off as rudely "playing politics" to those who don't share your worldview. And obviously this doesn't foster a helpful environment for policymaking, either.
Steve:
This is a good point, and also serves to explain why many people didn't even wait for the facts to come in before arguing that things would have turned out better in their counterfactual universe.
4.16.2007 6:38pm
Ron Hardin (mail) (www):
Tragedies are always dominated by the media need to keep people tuned in. There's no force comparable to that, in how things develop.

So it becomes soap opera as fast as possible, and then stays there.
4.16.2007 6:39pm
Thief (mail) (www):

This means that often we won't pay a lot of attention to the details of tragedies and what caused them.


This is important, especially when the proper response to a tragedy is dictated by the specific facts of the case. (e.g. did the shooter obtain his weapons legally or illegally? Both scenarios lend themselves to radically different policy choices.)
4.16.2007 6:52pm
anonVCfan:
Very good point, but I don't think its relevance is restricted to tragedies.
4.16.2007 7:03pm
David Gaw (www):
It is certainly true that people filter their view of the world through their preconceptions, but I think there's ample evidence to show we do this all the time, not simply in times of stress or tragedy. Is there reason to think someone is less likely to perceive an incident like this as confirmation of their world views later? I would think it would become *more* likely over time, since to change your mind later requires going against not only your original perspective but also your affirmation of those views immediately after the event.

It also occurs to me that, like it or not, policy decisions are going to be made in the wake of an event like this, even if it is, objectively speaking, unwise: it's when the public is most energized about the issue, and when policymakers are under the most pressure to "do something." The real choice may therefore not be between whether we turn to policy or not, but whether we stand aside while those with whom we disagree turn to policy alone, or jump in and participate in the process.
4.16.2007 7:29pm
Gordo:
There is only one way to resolve the conflict between gun haters and gun lovers - empirical evidence.

Completely ban handguns on one-third of the nation's college campuses.

Allow carry permits for faculty and staff on one-third of the nation's campuses

Allo unlimited carry permits on one-third of the nation's campuses.

Then wait for 20 years.

(Yes, I know it's completely impractical)
4.16.2007 8:11pm
HerrMorgenholz (mail):
If I might quibble; this was not a tragedy, it was an atrocity. Tragedies are spawned by hubris, and atrocities by evil.
4.16.2007 8:38pm
Brooks Lyman (mail):
Ron Hardin - Yes, and policy that's driven by soap opera is almost invariably bad policy, because it, like soap opera, has little connection with real life and real people.

I expect that we will be seeing the two sides - no guns/more guns - coming up with ideas and comments. Of course, given the general liberalism of the media, the "more guns" group will get extremely short shrift in the major media while the "no guns" approach will be loudly trumpeted.

Too bad, because I personally think (based on both evidence and some sober thought) that the "more guns" approach is the correct one.
4.16.2007 9:10pm
PatHMV (mail) (www):
I agree completely, Orin. I lived in Baton Rouge during Katrina, and I can tell you that I sure felt like my fellow Louisianians were being horribly used by politicians interested primarily in scoring some cheap political points.
4.16.2007 9:10pm
jvarisco (www):
I'm not sure that one can make judgments about correct policies so soon after an event, or even based on a single such thing. But I think that misses the point. Tragedies offer an opportunity to enact generally good policy hindered by an apathetic electorate. If one supports gun control (and not merely because of this shooting), this incident nevertheless offers a good excuse that might help to get such an agenda passed. When a convicted sex offender kidnaps and murders someone, it is much easier to get harsher civil commitment laws passed. If you think such laws are generally good policy, independent of the specific incident, this is a good thing. I don't really see a problem with this.
4.16.2007 9:39pm
c. l. ball (mail):
Does anyone know why police require people fleeing shooters to run with their hands on their heads? It would seem to make it harder to safely flee -- you have to run slower to avoid tripping, or you run as fast as you normally would and risk tripping.
4.16.2007 9:43pm
porcupine (mail):
While not every act of mass murder, torture, repression and deceit need be part of a coordinated strategy or conspiracy, we live in a time of extreme and swift movement toward total corporate-state social control and US-G-8 global full spectrum dominance by (by definition) any and all means necessary.

These include copious use of timely and skillful psychological operations (psyop), with its component false flag violence and media disinformation elements, near total corporate/law enforcement domination of American mainstream media, criminalization of trivial transgressions, clamp down on time-honored, legitimate dissent... etc.

Witness the Stalinesque "sweeps" of Operation Falcon, the mandatory "Real ID", NYPD's "Stop and Frisk" of 700,000 NYC youth in 2006--mainly Afro-Americans/Latinos, the current farcical FBI roundup aimed at senior-citizen ex-members of the Black Panther Party and BLA on evidence "overlooked" 30 years ago.

Whatever the ghastly, likely avoidable events that unfolded at Virginia Tech, we must not forget that the masters of the post-9/11 emerging US Debt-Prison complex will parlay these events to further annul and revoke the rights once guaranteed under the all but extinct U.S. Bill of Rights.

Many disturbing questions and contradictions as regards the actual agents behind the 9/11 attacks, subsequent anthrax letter attacks, Oklahoma City, Columbine and other "terrorist" events, remain unsolved. The London and Madrid train bombings have also aroused significant doubts as to "official" and mainstream echoed claims.

So now we are facing yet another horror: the untimely killed, injured and traumatized and their grieving families. But we need to stay doubly alert and wary of the potential involvement of US corporate, military and political elites in such heinous events, whether direct, by proxy or by exploiting our psychological/emotional vulnerability in their wake. These agents' agenda at a time of an "Endless War on Terror" thrives on confusion and trauma, duly parroted by mainstream media, fostered to justify further control over US civil society and annihilation of our liberty.

This is merely standard procedure under the strategy of biopower, and so-called "full-spectrum dominance" wielded by transnational and military elites. It requires psychological, economic, social, physical...ie, total control over social space and civil society. In this scheme, any and all are deemed real or "potential" insurgents by Panopticon; commodities to be surveiled and "managed" by the unblinking all-seeing eye.
4.16.2007 9:51pm
Some Law Student (mail):
Thank you, Orin. You have expressed my sentiments exactly. Now is the time for reflection; when the facts have come out, we can have a policy debate.
4.16.2007 10:08pm
Eric Muller (www):
Orin, this is a wise post.

One thing, though. You say: "Given that people will tend to see in events what they want to see, turning to policy right away will come off as rudely 'playing politics' to those who don't share your worldview."

But I'm as put off by those who have turned to policy right away and who do share my worldview as much as I am by those who have turned to policy right away and do not. Perhaps I'm being idiosyncratic here, but I find the move to policy in the immediate wake of mass murder to be callous regardless of which policy one moves to.
4.16.2007 11:03pm
John Burgess (mail) (www):
c. l. ball: It to make it very clear that the person running is not armed and is not to be shot on sight. Awkward, perhaps, but better than a graceful fall to the ground riddled with lead.
4.16.2007 11:28pm
Stacy (mail) (www):
Some people seem to get that point better than others. For example, www.bradycampaign.org has a link to a press release about the shootings at the top of the page, with a special 'Virginia Tech' graphic on the right. NRA.org by contrast doesn't even mention the event. Of course that dichotomy is just something else people will automatically interpret to fit their pre-existing worldview.
4.17.2007 12:50am
Adequacy.org Nailed It Years Ago (mail):
I think the best take on this topic was written in response to 9/11. It is titled "Why the Bombings Mean That We Must Support My Politics" and is available at adequacy.org
4.17.2007 2:56am
Aultimer:
The media doesn't help when it demands comment on policy issues from the government within a few hours of the event. They baited GWB (whom I loathe) into making a 2A statement, for goodness sakes, and then repeated it as though that was the executive's first comment on the shooting. I guess the best we can hope for are politicians with the stomach to say "I don't think this is the proper time to discuss policy. Let's worry about the vicitims just now."
4.17.2007 9:28am
TyWebb:
Eric Mueller


But I'm as put off by those who have turned to policy right away and who do share my worldview as much as I am by those who have turned to policy right away and do not. Perhaps I'm being idiosyncratic here, but I find the move to policy in the immediate wake of mass murder to be callous regardless of which policy one moves to.


This is correct. The callousness makes the policy advocate seem aloof and misdirected. For example, I read some of the policy comments in other threads and I can't help but see the scene in the Big Lebowski where Walter doesn't want to leave the diner:


Walter Sobchak: Now so far, we have what appears to me to be a series of victimless crimes.
The Dude: What about the toe?
Walter Sobchak: Forget about the fucking toe!
Coffee Shop Waitress: Excuse me, sir. Could you please keep your voices down? This is a family restaurant.
Walter Sobchak: Oh please, dear? For your information, the Supreme Court has roundly rejected prior restraint.
The Dude: Walter, this isn't a First Amendment thing.
Coffee Shop Waitress: Sir, if you don't calm down I'm going to have to ask you to leave.
Walter Sobchak: Lady, I got buddies who died face- down in the muck so you and I could enjoy this family restaurant!
4.17.2007 10:53am
olivier (mail):
Why should it be taboo to ask the real question? I find it not only appropriate, but necessary to advocate against the availability of automatic war weapons, especially in the wake of such a tragedy. This is not some unpredictable, natural tragedy, but an entirely avoidable, man-made one. Above all, this is only a repeat of the same tragedy that has been occurring time and time again. Seen from Europe, it is the absurdity of the situation that dominates. When will Americans realize that their constitution has become obsolete, and needs to be modified?
4.17.2007 12:17pm
c. l. ball (mail):

c. l. ball: It to make it very clear that the person running is not armed and is not to be shot on sight. Awkward, perhaps, but better than a graceful fall to the ground riddled with lead.

I understand the intent behind the procedure but is it more designed to protect armed and armored police than innocent civilians? It seems like an SOP for high-risk traffic stops or unaccompanied exits from crime scenes ("Come out of the house with your hands up") than a reasonable procedure to evacuate civilians under police escort given the added danger it exposes the evacuees to.
4.17.2007 12:25pm
Clayton E. Cramer (mail) (www):

Why should it be taboo to ask the real question? I find it not only appropriate, but necessary to advocate against the availability of automatic war weapons, especially in the wake of such a tragedy.
No "automatic war weapons" were used.

Seen from Europe, it is the absurdity of the situation that dominates. When will Americans realize that their constitution has become obsolete, and needs to be modified?
Seen from America, where we have watched Europeans engage in genocide and mass murder of political opponents twice in the last century, it is absurd to think that putting all power in the hands of the government is safe.
4.17.2007 12:29pm
olivier (mail):
No "automatic war weapons" were used.

Sorry, but the weapon used was an automatic weapon, and as far as I know, automatic weapons are designed for war, not for bird-shooting. I'm encline to think that such a bloodshed wouldn't have occurred if the killer had used a hunting rifle. Remind me when a similar thing occurred in another industrialized country, where automatic weapons are banned. Remind me how often it occurs in the US. If you don't blame the weapon for the scale of the tragedy, what are you willing to blame?

Seen from America, where we have watched Europeans engage in genocide and mass murder of political opponents twice in the last century, it is absurd to think that putting all power in the hands of the government is safe.

We're talking about mass shootings in America in 2007, not about the Holocaust, and not about the genocide of the Native Americans either. History is History, and it may be time for America to move on on the gun issue. By the way, maybe the reason why gun control is so tight in Europe is actually because Europe went through so much bloodshed in the past century.
4.17.2007 12:50pm
Daniel DiRito (mail) (www):
Is This A Symptom of our "Chain Letter Society"?

Read an analysis of the influences in our "Chain Letter Society" that may be precipitating events like the tragedy at Virginia Tech and how our focus on winning and being number one may be fostering a generation of children with fully inadequate coping skills who have a misguided sense of self-worth...here:

www.thoughttheater.com
4.17.2007 1:17pm
Porkchop:

Sorry, but the weapon used was an automatic weapon


No, it was a semi-automatic (i.e., self-loading) pistol, which required a separate trigger-pull for each round fired. An automatic weapon continues to fire as long as the trigger is depressed. It's good to know what you are talking about before you open your mouth.

In addition, we would need ~2 million Virginia Tech shootings to match the Holocaust, so perhaps you should tone down the self-righteousness a bit.
4.17.2007 3:39pm
Porkchop:
Er, sorry, ~ 200,000 shootings. Still a sufficiently large difference.
4.17.2007 3:40pm
Clayton E. Cramer (mail) (www):

Sorry, but the weapon used was an automatic weapon, and as far as I know, automatic weapons are designed for war, not for bird-shooting. I'm encline to think that such a bloodshed wouldn't have occurred if the killer had used a hunting rifle. Remind me when a similar thing occurred in another industrialized country, where automatic weapons are banned. Remind me how often it occurs in the US. If you don't blame the weapon for the scale of the tragedy, what are you willing to blame?
Utterly wrong. There were NO automatic weapons used. There were semiautomatic handguns used, but not automatic weapons. If this guy had used a hunting rifle, like Charles Whitman, it could easily have been much worse. Much higher lethality; deadly at distances of many hundreds of feet; no effective defense against them with most police body armor.

You are simply wrong about "another industrialized country." Britain allowed semiautomatic weapons until Hungerford. Quite a number of European nations still allow them (Switzerland, France, are two that come to mind). And guess what? France has these sort of massacres occasionally too. I've seen coverage of at least two such incidents in the last few years. Remember also that our population is larger than any European country; even if there were no other differences, we're going to have more incidents because we have more people.


We're talking about mass shootings in America in 2007, not about the Holocaust, and not about the genocide of the Native Americans either. History is History, and it may be time for America to move on on the gun issue. By the way, maybe the reason why gun control is so tight in Europe is actually because Europe went through so much bloodshed in the past century.
You've got it backward. Weimar Republic Germany adopted restrictive gun control laws to disarm Nazis and Communists (who were partial to street brawling). When the Nazis came to power, they used those laws to disarm their opponents.

Britain adopted its 1920 Firearms Act specifically out of fear of Bolshevik uprising. See this paper for the details from the Cabinet minutes declassified in 1969-70. There's nothing subtle about the motivations.

And you are right to mention the extermination of a number of Indian tribes. The American colonies relied on a variety of laws that prohibited sale of guns to the Indians.
4.17.2007 3:49pm
olivier (mail):
Porkchop said: No, it was a semi-automatic (i.e., self-loading) pistol, which required a separate trigger-pull for each round fired. An automatic weapon continues to fire as long as the trigger is depressed. It's good to know what you are talking about before you open your mouth.

OK guys, I was wrong, and you certainly know more than me about the subtle differences between automatic and semi-automatic weapons. You still miss the point. Do you think a 20-something student should be able to legally acquire a 22mm and a 9 mm? What about the weapons used at Columbine and other mass-shootings? Wake up!

Porkchop said: In addition, we would need ~2 million Virginia Tech shootings to match the Holocaust, so perhaps you should tone down the self-righteousness a bit.

I didn't bring up the Holocaust. Clayton E. Cramer did. I will just quote you: "It's good to know what you are talking about before you open your mouth."

Clayton E. Cramer said: You are simply wrong about "another industrialized country." Britain allowed semiautomatic weapons until Hungerford.

You are proving my point here. Hungerford happened in 1987, and prompted tighter gun laws. Since then, no similar tragedy occurred. Coincidence?

Clayton E. Cramer said: And guess what? France has these sort of massacres occasionally too. I've seen coverage of at least two such incidents in the last few years.

I'm not aware of these incidents. Can you be more specific?
Two winters ago saw youngsters riot in the suburcbs of several French cities. Cars were burned; cops and firefighters were stoned. Interestingly, no one got killed. If France had the same laxism than the US toward guns, there would have been hundreds of people shot dead, as in the LA riots of the early 90's.

Remember also that our population is larger than any European country; even if there were no other differences, we're going to have more incidents because we have more people.

I totally agree with you here. But then, isn't it another good reason to adopt stricter gun laws?

Clayton E. Cramer said: You've got it backward. Weimar Republic Germany adopted restrictive gun control laws to disarm Nazis and Communists (who were partial to street brawling). When the Nazis came to power, they used those laws to disarm their opponents.
Britain adopted its 1920 Firearms Act specifically out of fear of Bolshevik uprising. See this paper for the details from the Cabinet minutes declassified in 1969-70. There's nothing subtle about the motivations.
And you are right to mention the extermination of a number of Indian tribes. The American colonies relied on a variety of laws that prohibited sale of guns to the Indians.

You're certainly very knowledgeable about gun laws in European history, but what is your point exactly? That without these gun laws, the Nazi wouldn't have come to power, the Russian revolution wouldn't have occurred, and the Native Americans wouldn't have been slaughtered? Do you really think that the proliferation of guns in the US would protect people against an authoritarian US government in charge of the most powerful army worldwide? What exactly are you fearing from your democratically elected government? I just spent 10 years in the US, and I realize how paranoid people were about their government, something I never quite understood. Why don't you spend a couple of years abroad, and see how other people live?
4.18.2007 4:36am
Stacy (mail) (www):
"You're certainly very knowledgeable about gun laws in European history, but what is your point exactly? "

I thought it was pretty clear his point was that in history most gun restrictions were about suppressing political opposition, even if as you suggest, they had limited effect in that regard. This is why the many of us are skeptical of the public safety argument for gun control.
4.18.2007 7:44am
olivier (mail):
"I thought it was pretty clear his point was that in history most gun restrictions were about suppressing political opposition, even if as you suggest, they had limited effect in that regard. This is why the many of us are skeptical of the public safety argument for gun control."

So, you really think that gun control is just a safety argument used by your democratically elected government to suppress political opposition? Sorry, but I don't follow. The amusing thing is actually that the very politicians who are against gun control are mostly the Republicans, who are doing everything they can to concentrate the power in the hands of a rich, White minority, and have been reinforcing the powers of the US government in the past 7 years. Ironic, isn't it?
4.18.2007 10:15am