Daryl Levinson on the Market for Law Professors:
The Harvard Law Record has a very interesting report on remarks Harvard lawprof Daryl Levinson recently gave to Harvard law students about how to become a law professor. I thought this comment was particularly amusing if it was reported accurately:
UPDATE: Professor Levinson writes in with a clarification:
[P]ractical legal experience is not a good predictor of scholarly ability, and, Levinson noted, "is pretty nearly disqualifying." Levinson pointed out that today's younger professors have no significant practical experience, and that if they tried to become involved in the world, "the world would probably recoil in horror."Also note the Q&A at the bottom of the story; Levinson makes a number of worthwhile points.
UPDATE: Professor Levinson writes in with a clarification:
For what it’s worth, the Record’s summary is a bit misleading. The quote they used was taken from my parodic description of hiring trends at HLS in particular—where it is true that most (though not all) of the entry-levels hired over the past few years are PhDs without significant practice experience. This was in the broader context of my describing the general trend in legal academia away from the profession and towards the academy, and the concomitant decline in the number of entry-level hires who come with high-level practice experience (i.e., more than a few years in practice)—obviously not to zero. I actually expressed some doubt about whether this trend has been good for legal education. That’s certainly a point worth debating.
I was proud to have gotten my best grades from a couple lawyers who taught part time at the school.
What was it that Justice Holmes (who, alas, was also a scholar) said about the "life of the law"?
On the other hand, you need to know the theories that they teach in class. You might not use them every day, but ignorance of them will cost you.
I believe the line was "The life of the law has been theory, and it takes a theory to beat a theory."
Further, if by practical experience Prof. Levinson means experience formulating strategy for a client so as to ultimately further his interest or charming a jury, then I think that would be more relevant, but still tangential to the task of teaching how the law works.
If, however, Prof. Levinson is disparaging the experience of drafting legal briefs and arguing points of law to judges, then I'd have to disagree with him there and hope that his views aren't representative of hiring committees.
Larry Rosenthal
Chapman University School of Law
I am not sure if that's what Holmes said, but I think Professor Levinson is about to go on a fundraising campaign to buy more ivory for his law school's tower.
"Practitioners," especially non-specialists, or less well-credentialed ones, would sometimes be referred to somewhat contemptuously as "LMDs," that is "local medical doctor." But while academic physicians are expected to be the most highly qualified and leaders in their specialties, with more well-trained specialists practicing outside of medical schools than ever, and academic positions not that appealing to many, there is not the huge gulf between academic physicians and those practicing outside medical schools that there is between law school professors and legal "clinicians." (I never heard non-medical types called "clinicians" until I read a recent David Bernstein post about lawyers within and outside the academy.)
It is fairly commonplace for non-academic physicians to consult with academic ones and refer patients to them; for the academics and non-academics to rub shoulders and interact at meetings; and "practical" experience of patient care is important to both, though the academics may get to see a more select population and more unusual and "interesting" cases than most non-academics do. In all these respects, it seems to me that the career paths of academic physicians and "law school professors" differ.
"...academic Physicians. Alot are just weird and could never take care of a normal person in a normal practice or non-teaching hospital. They would have a nervous breakdown." Let's not underestimate the incidence of "weirdness" outside of academics. And I expect that academic physicians would have no more/less difficulty in a "real" world setting with "real" world demands than would a senior partner in a truly heavyweight law firm would have in his/her correspondingly "real" world setting with "real" world demands (no cadre of associates, no deep-pocketed clientele, no lack of resources, etc.) Law professor called upon to make his/her way as a "clinician" might struggle, though.
(All but a very small number of American medical school graduates go on to pass their licensing exams, and can therefore practice as physicians; a not insignificant numbers of some law schools' graduates never pass their licensing exams, and hence will never be able to practice as attorneys. Whether this reflects the relative difficulty of medical licensing exams versus law licensing ones; less variation in the quality of students from one medical school to another than from one law school to another; or the greater variation in how well medical schools and law schools prepare their students for their respective licensing exams, I can't say, though I think it is some of each of those.)
One doesn't have to turn law school into bar review to benefit from actual experience.
Instead of fancy grades, clerkships, and practical experience, the modern credential of choice for law school hiring committees is a graduate degree in an allied field such as economics, political science, and even English or psychology.
It suggests that just knowing the law is considered an inferior sort of qualification. Perhaps it explains some of the liberal tendency to interpret the Constitution as broadly as possible.
Even practical legal experience is not a good predictor of scholarly ability, and, Levinson noted, "is pretty nearly disqualifying."
Significant expertise in a field, coupled with interdisciplinary methodologies, is highly valued.
So apparently the actual practice of law does not provide highly valued "significant expertise" in the field of law, at least according to legal academics!
Law schools value Ph.D.'s because they indicate that candidates have certain qualities.
Qualities that a law degree does not confer? Hmmmm.
"the problem with real jobs is that they are real," and don't leave much time for writing in the evenings.
Tell me about it.
1. The idea that the only alternative to the current system is "a law school that will spend 3 years teaching you how to pass the bar exam," is a complete straw-man. The relevant alternative is to teach people how to litigate or do transactional work, i.e. the stuff 99% of lawyers do after they pass the bar.
2. The merits of the present system depend on the class. I think it works well for Con Law professors, for example. On the other hand, it's a dismal failure for things like Civ Pro and Evidence. In other words, academics are good at teaching academic subjects, and practitioners are good at teaching practical subjects.
Being a professor is a great job -- flexible (if oftentimes long) hours, near-constant intellectual stimulation, tenure -- and most people with terminal degrees are willing to do so for $50-80K a year; many accept far less. So pay law professors that, and use the savings to cut tuition so more people can afford to go to law school, and more graduates can afford to dive immediately into non-bigfirm work.
How about it, Orin, Eugene, David, et. al? You willing to embrace academia for 2/3ds of what you're making now?
Interestingly, although Prof. Kerr's quote does seem to sum up the view of many law professors, it isn't particularly true. The legal academy spends a lot of time developing theories, but they don't have much effect on the actual course of the law. I don't just mean that academics are so far to the left of the courts that they have no effect on actual judicial discourse--though that is often true--but theory generally doesn't drive case outcomes, and it certainly doesn't drive transactional structures. As Prof. Levinson recognizes, academic lawyers are increasingly irrelevant to the law.
Over the last six years this truism has served me quite well in the practice of law. Much better than most legal theory, in fact.
Depends what where your cut off line is for a "medical school". There are a lot less med school slots than law school slots.
If you want to be a lawyer, and can't get into an accredited or good school, then you go to a low tier school and hope you dont wash out after the first year.
If you want to be a doctor and can't get in, do you go to a master's program, chriopractic school, or something like that?
This difference is more that low-tier legalish students still go to a law school, but low-tier health science students go to alternatives that aren't called medical school.
I can take my propective students through the cases (no real controversy on which cases ought to be taught), play Socratic games, and instill in them the small number of black-letter rules that apply. I can teach them the forms of words that the courts consider acceptable arguments. I can take them through the problems with the logic of the cases. What I cannot do is explain why things are the way they are. Actually, I can, but the only reasonable, if cynical, explanation (changing decision-makers) doesn't lead anywhere. Even if it could be demonstrated, it is academically, pedagogically, and professionally sterile because it doesn't lead to a research program, doesn't give you anything much beyond vote-counting to teach, and doesn't equip students with anything solid to use in practice. I've toyed with the idea of emphasizing not the cases themselves, but the briefs and, where available, oral argument transcripts, because that, at least, would help teach the students how to craft arguments courts are inclined to accept, whether they make sense or not.
Maybe if I had become an academic rather than a practitioner I wouldn't have this problem.
Ask yourself, what would you trust a first year associate to do unsupervised? How about train themselves?
Since it's been questioned twice, I'll say that I thought this was pretty clever. If I get the reference and intent right, Orin changed a famous Holmes quote to poke a bit of fun at the law &economics folks who respond to their critics (perhaps not famously, but rather frequently in legal academia) that it "takes a theory to beat a theory."
I'll add that I think in the past several months, Orin's been showing more of his sense of humor on this blog, which is a good thing. Perhaps that's why I think I might owe him a beer.