The Volokh Conspiracy

Report on Politicalization of Hiring for the DOJ Honors Program:
We've heard about this before, but the latest report by the DOJ Office of Inspector General on the politicalization of Honors Program hiring at the Justice Department adds a great deal of detail. A few thoughts:

  (1) The basic picture is just disgraceful. The Honors Program is a jewel of the Justice Department, and I think it's very troubling that some within the Bush Justice Department would see it as a way to screen candidates for ideology.

  (2) I was glad but not surprised to read in the report about political officials within DOJ (such as Peter Keisler) who didn't play along or otherwise tried to limit the political emphasis in hiring.

  (3) Although I'm not aware of anything like this happening during the Clinton years, I doubt politics was entirely irrelevant to hiring at the time. When I applied to the Honors Program in the fall of 1997 (and was accepted), it was generally understood among conservative/libertarian applicants that being conservative/libertarian was a negative on a DOJ Honors Program application. It wasn't necessarily an automatic ding, except of course at the Civil Rights Division. But it was a negative in an intensely competitive process. As a result, it was common not to list extracurricular activities that signaled conservative/libertarian viewpoints and that were the kind of thing that an applicant might or might not list on a resume depending on the job. I followed that practice in my case. I remember thinking at the time that I wouldn't have gotten the job otherwise.

  (4) The Bush DOJ officials presumably saw themselves as trying to balance out Main Justice. When I was at Main Justice in the Clinton years, it was heavily Democratic among career lawyers: even in the Criminal Division, which you might think leans more conservative than other sections, most lawyers were Democrats. Still, none of that excuses the kind of political hiring that apparently went on. The goal should have been to even the playing field, if it needed evening, not to engage in affirmative action for conservatives.
Tony Tutins (mail):
Hearing this story on NPR, I thought it reflected as much a sense of entitlement among T-14 grads as it did affirmative action for true believers. (Did you hear they rejected a Harvard LS grad? As well as a G-town grad? Shocking, just shocking.)
6.25.2008 1:52am
Splunge:
Um...Professor OK, this is how it works in the real world:

(1) It's 1993. You talk to Candidate A, and you realize as you pleasantly converse that he is a sharp guy, with his head screwed on straight. In addition to being a top-notch lawyer, he believes fervently in helping the disadvantaged, particularly those who have suffered from racial or sexist bias, and also in preserving our natural heritage for future generations through sensible government regulation of the greedy impulses of the short-sighted private sector...move him to the A list!

(2) It';s 2002. You talk to Candidate B, and you realize as you pleasantly converse etc. In addition to being a top-notch lawyer, he believes fervently that individual liberty is the foundation for a free society, and even though young understands that the weight of the law and government mean that the utmost discretion and modesty are called for in its operation, to avoid inadvertantly trampling the initiative and spirit of free men...move him to the A list!

It's not a question of sticking a probe in some orifice and reading off D or R. Normal people can't make a clear distinction between what they consider good sense and being in political alignment. You can always come along afterwards and dissect it, perhaps, just like you can dissect what Hemingway meant about the fish. But it's probably just as sterile an undertaking.
6.25.2008 1:57am
Terrivus:
1. Agreed that the picture the report paints is pathetic and despicable. It angers me to realize that some third-rate partisan hack was undermining the DOJ and the work of its career lawyers by emphasizing pure politics so singularly as to deselect otherwise absurdly qualified candidates.

2. Hooray for people like Peter Keisler, Eileen O'Connor, and Daniel Fridman, who refused to play ball. Not that the Democrats currently holding up Keisler's DC Circuit nomination will deign to give him any credit (while they simultaneously excoriate this incident), but still...

3. I don't doubt that a "political" element seeps into all hiring of honors attorneys, at least at the margins; viz., (1) someone who is similarly situated with another candidate might get the subconscious nod because his/her sympathies align with the DOJ's mission during a particular administration; (2) someone who is on the fence after looking at grades/school/journals might get a bump up or down along the same lines; or (3) someone whose political/ideological views just aren't compatible with the enforcement of the laws as they are written might get the boot, even if otherwise qualified (we're talking ultimate fringe elements here). These considerations might have subconsciously guided the hiring process during the Clinton years (to note what Prof. Kerr said) as well as the 2002 hiring year that the report covered (when the data showed a strong skew toward conservative applicants, but there was no other evidence from the decisionmakers suggesting intent or overt bias -- although it sure was a pretty strong skew).

But this is a huge difference from what was going on at DOJ in 2006, according to the report -- where ridiculously qualified applicants were struck for the most superficial political or ideological reasons.

By the way, what a shock that this Esther McDonald character was interviewed and hired by Monica Goodling. Is there anything that woman touched at DOJ that she did not poison? What an embarrassment.
6.25.2008 2:00am
The Mechanical Eye (mail):
I like how literally the first comment to this post is a snide comment to those latte-sippin', New York Times readin' elites at Haa-vard. I get the strong feeling if VC were around during Watergate, some of the comments would blame the Democrats for not installing a good enough security system. Lousy Libs!

I'm speaking as a grad of a tier four law grad here - I'd like the Department of Justice to hire the best, and generally speaking that would probably involve hiring many HLS grads. Turning down good, qualified candidates in favor of inferior, ideologically correct candidates is no way to run "a jewel of the Justice Department."

DU
6.25.2008 2:05am
Mike& (mail):
(2) It';s 2002. You talk to Candidate B, and you realize as you pleasantly converse etc. In addition to being a top-notch lawyer, he believes fervently that individual liberty is the foundation for a free society, and even though young understands that the weight of the law and government mean that the utmost discretion and modesty are called for in its operation, to avoid inadvertantly trampling the initiative and spirit of free men...move him to the A list!


Yep. That's just what the Bush Administration was looking for.
6.25.2008 2:09am
Terrivus:
Um, "Splunge," have you even read the report? If you had, you would realize two things. First, the screening committees under fire in the report didn't conduct interviews, but merely made their decisions (select or deselect) on the basis of paper materials. That allows for decisions to be made on much more discrete grounds -- i.e., looking to specific organizations or past jobs (as the report found the screening committee members to have done). Your proposed scenarios, while accurate in the sense of capturing the gray area of hiring decisions, are not pertinent to the problems raised in the report.

Second, the report provides a number of egregious examples that, even accounting for such gray areas, there's just no accounting for, other than pure politics over merit. Granted, you can debate whether DOJ should be permitted to hire more people sympathetic to the administration's legal mission, but (a) DOJ policies and civil service law simply don't permit hiring decisions to be made on the basis of political affiliation, and (b) the report indicates that this wasn't even an overarching policy of DOJ -- it was just several individuals who decided to base their hiring decisions on politics/ideology.
6.25.2008 2:09am
A.S.:
Here's the real scandal:

Based on the results of our analysis of the applications, we found that [in 2006] 150 (25 percent) of the candidates nominated by the components had liberal affiliations, while 28 (5 percent) had conservative affiliations, and 424 (70 percent) had neutral ideological affiliations.


Page 41 of the Report (emphasis added). The real scandal is that conservative candidates were never given a fair chance by the component divisions that forwarded applications to the screening committee. In 2006, there were five times as many liberal candidates as conservative candidates sent by the component divisions to the screeners. (The data also show a skew in favor of liberal candidates in 2002, although there it was only 2-to-1, rather than the 5-to-1 in 2006.)

There's your political interference - it is by the left-wing careerists who take the first cut at which candidates to forward on to the screeners. Indeed, even after the supposed illegal political intereference in 2006 by those nasty Bushies, there were still 67 liberal candidates who were approved and only 23 conservative candidates. So the effect of the illegal political interference in 2006 was to change the initial pool of candidates selected by the component divisions from 5-to-1 liberal all the way down to 3-to-1 liberal.

But of course, no one is ever going to talk about the fact that the pool forwarded to the screeners by the component divisions was overwhelmingly liberal. Because the only possible political interference in hiring can be by those nasty Bushies - nobody would ever believe that liberals (who are always good hearted and fair minded) in the component divisions would skew the pool that went to the screeners in the first place.
6.25.2008 2:49am
Skeptical Eye:
I'm amazed that commentators have almost universally taken the IG's allegation of systemic political affiliation bias as proven. There are many questions that remain unanswered. What is a neutral or natural baseline for interview selection? Should liberals and conservatives get interviews in the same percentages? If so, why did the DOJ career staff consistently select more liberals than conservatives for interviews in the first level review by a more than 2-1 ratio? How do we know that the IG's designation of "liberal," "conservative" and "neutral" applicants was based on objective criteria? Given the size of the "neutral" pool even a modest error rate in characterization could wildly skew the results. Was the deselection of so-called "liberals" disproportionately focused in just a few DOJ component areas that the current Administration chose for policy reasons to de-emphasize? Does the fact that there was no consistent pattern over multiple years negate any inference of systemic politicization of DOJ? Is it proper for the IG to have concluded that "ideology" was being used by Elston and others as a "proxy" for prohibited political affiliation discrimination? Ideology is certainly not on its face a prohibited basis for decision making under current federal regulations -- a point the IG acknowledges but breezes past. Isn't that reasonable given that different administrations are likely to have differing priorities and views about the allocation of departmental resources? What specific statistically significant evidence is presented in the IG's report that ideology was systematically used as a proxy for political affiliation -- as opposed to being considered in its own right, or used as a proxy in just a few isolated cases? Since when does the IG get to unilaterally determine that a law has been violated? Isn't that something that only a judge and jury or administrative body gets to do? Ms. McDonald did not cooperate with the inquiry, nor did a number of other potential witnesses. There has been no finding by the MSPB via an adversarial proceeding. Shouldn't we be discussing the IG report with a big "alleged" in front of its "findings"? Shouldn't the raw data used for the report be made available on a redacted basis so that third parties can independently confirm the IG's conclusions? Is it possible that the career staff in 2006 who made the first level review recommendations goosed the pool with a disproportionately liberal and activist list of students to be interviewed? Shouldn't these types of questions be posed by a press that is supposed to be skeptical of the government in general?
6.25.2008 2:49am
tvk:
A.S. -- what scandal? Have you checked the Democrat-Republican membership rolls of top law schools recently? Young lawyers and law students tend overwhelmingly to be liberal. A 5-1 split in applications shows pretty much that the career lawyers are forwarding the applications in roughly the same proportion as the applicant pool. This in direct contrast to the screeners at the next level, at least if this report is to be believed.
6.25.2008 2:59am
Skeptical Eye:
TVK: Nice try. But how do you explain the shift from a 2-1 first level screen split in 2002 to a 5-1 split in 2006? Did law school students suddenly become more liberal in 2006? The point of the observation by A.S. is, I suspect, in part that no one even looked at the possibility that there might have been ideological bias exhibited at the first level of review (which would also violate the new legal standard that Mr. Fine appears to have conjured out of thin air).
6.25.2008 3:17am
RE (mail):
Have not read the report and will not read the report...but this whole "controversy" is ridiculous. What's the problem with a political branch of government - the executive branch - making decisions based on politics/ideology?

I thought that was the point...
6.25.2008 4:41am
tvk:
Skeptical Eye: Please take a look at President Bush's approval ratings from 2002 and 2006. I think you'll notice that pretty much the entire country became more liberal during this period, not just those in law schools.
6.25.2008 4:57am
Nessuno:
The entire presumption that the DOJ should be apolitical is anathema to American democracy. From the most local county DA to the DOJ itself, the proprietorial arm of the executive branch should be tightly controlled by the elected executive.

The myth of an apolitical DOJ is a fantasy of a modern legal-academic mind not borne out of any historically American or democratic or constitutional theory. The DOJ is not the judiciary, and vice-versa. Elections are consequential, as they should be. Our criminal justice system relies heavily on the discretion of the prosecutors in the executive branch. That discretion MUST be subject to democratic accountability. Under the DOJ-independence theory, what recourse would American citizens have if they were strongly dissatisfied with the types and methods of prosecutions undertaken in our name? And as James Q. Wilson pointed out on this blog, having the criminal justice executives subject to the will of the voters has served this country very well as compared to Britain, where it is far removed from the will of the people.

Now, a strong argument could be made to de-unify the executive branch and have separate election for Attorney General, but that would obviously require a constitutional amendment.
6.25.2008 6:10am
Nessuno:
"proprietorial arm" ----> "prosecutorial arm"

Darn spell check clicking....
6.25.2008 6:13am
BT:
Orin Kerr:

"it was generally understood among conservative/libertarian applicants that being conservative/libertarian was a negative on a DOJ Honors Program application".

This ain't politics in general or Clinton style? It seems that way to me.
6.25.2008 6:33am
b.:
Orin.

Re: Point (3):

Could you provide your readers with evidence other than your own paranoid delusions of liberal persecution subjective impressions of others' subjective impressions of the Clinton Administration's DoJ honors program application process to add credence to the claim that the process was biased against qualified non-liberal/Democratic candidates; or are you just slinging mud?
6.25.2008 6:56am
govols:
Had this occurred in a parallel universe with a liberal President Bush, with highly qualified conservatives being rejected from the honors program en masse, I'm sure the usual suspects would thoughtfully muse, "well, it IS a political institution, so I don't have a problem with it..."

Sorry, don't buy it.

The Justice Department sits in a weird tension. On the hand, it is clearly within the executive branch, and accountable to the people as such. On the other, it must possess some degree of non-partisan credibility in order to succeed in its mission, particularly if it wants to put people in the other party in jail (for good reasons) without raising the specter that partisan politics is the primary basis for such prosecutions. I don't understand why commentators like Nessuno don't see that. There has be to be a place between "apolitical" and "partisan hack."

Even if there is no formal accountability for the AG outside of elections, we can still criticize (as OK has done) the Justice Department for implementing policies that undermine its own credibility.
6.25.2008 7:00am
TDPerkins (mail):

Still, none of that excuses the kind of political hiring that apparently went on. The goal should have been to even the playing field, if it needed evening, not to engage in affirmative action for conservatives.


Of course it excuses it entire, or affirmative action is revealed to be the utter fraud it is--never a fair chance but by accident, and always a quota in measurable effect.

Yours, TDP, ml, msl, &pfpp
6.25.2008 7:23am
Richard Aubrey (mail):
"even the playing field" without being "affirmative action for conservatives"
What you saw, if you saw it correctly, is affirmative action in action. Reverse discrimination.
And the excuse is always evening the field, or the results.
Works better when it happens to somebody else.
6.25.2008 7:26am
Duncan Frissell (mail):
except of course at the Civil Rights Division.

We need an investigation. Those racist, bigot, homophobes. Why would conservatives and libertarians be "of course" banned from the CRD?
6.25.2008 7:51am
pireader (mail):
Professor Kerr -- When I applied to the Honors Program in the fall of 1997 (and was accepted), it was generally understood among conservative/ libertarian applicants that being conservative/ libertarian was a negative on a DOJ Honors Program application.

Don't know about law-school graduates, but we interview a lot of new MBAs from first-tier schools each year. And there's a lot of rubbish out there amongst the candidates about what to put on or leave off one's resume to get onto the interview roster. And about what to wear or avoid wearing to the interviews. Etc.

Opaque high-stress environments,such as recruiting at very selective institutions, breed urban myths.

If you have some evidence of bias in the Clinton (or other) administrations, bring it forward. But this is very weak.
6.25.2008 8:05am
Greg D (mail):
except of course at the Civil Rights Division

Is that "of course" conservatives should be banned from working on Civil Rights?

Or "of course" the "Civil Rights" division was horribly corrupt?

So long as "carrer government" = "biased to the Left", it's not only reasonable, but the right thing to do, for a Republican government to do anything it can to push back.

If the bureaucrats were as honest and honorable as the whiners seem to be claiming, there wouldn't be that ideological bias problem in the first place.
6.25.2008 8:33am
Benjamin Davis (mail):

The goal should have been to even the playing field, if it needed evening, not to engage in affirmative action for conservatives.


This is not affirmative action - this is good old fashion old boys gaming a selection process - affirmative action remedies past discrimination of particular disadvantaged groups recognized as such in the law. While in conversation it is always easy to bandy about "affirmative action" like this, it is inaccurate and perjorative to equate this with something that is an effort to remedy past discrimination against disadvantaged groups recognized as such in the law.

Best,
Ben
6.25.2008 8:39am
davod (mail):
This almost as good as the NSA IG report saying there was political interfence at NASA. You know, the NASA of Hansen.
6.25.2008 8:53am
AnonLawStudent:

[I]t is inaccurate and perjorative to equate this with something that is an effort to remedy past discrimination against disadvantaged groups recognized as such in the law.

Affirmative action for me but not for thee... I'm guessing it's for the courts - to the exclusion of the political branches - to "recognize" these "disadvantaged groups."
6.25.2008 9:00am
OSU2L (mail):
re: the Civil Rights division. There have been several "reports" about the politicization of the voting rights division and the subsequent outflux of career attorneys. The stories frequently cite the division's "support" of the Georgia voter ID law (which is less rigid than the Indiana law recently ok'd by SCOTUS).

So the question is, is it appropriate for a division such as voting rights to have some attorneys who believe Voter ID laws are ok and some who do not? Or, as evidently many of the career "non-partisan" attorneys felt, is that unacceptable? If career attorneys are leaving for those reasons, do you really think they will give a fair shake to hiring a young conservative attorney who believes constitutional voter id laws are "ok"?

However, I will agree that there is some self-selection here. More liberal law students and a higher percentage of liberal law students interested in government service. It would not surprise me that word got around that DOJ was not as "unfriendly" of a place for conservatives to work later in the administration, resulting in an uptick of conservative applicants.
6.25.2008 9:18am
Alex84:
I am not a legal officianado like many on this board, but I really don't see the big deal about all this. Administrations change, and so do the departments that come along with them.

However, I don't think we should have people who don't "know the law" picked over more qualified candidates. But if their qualifications are equal, then who cares if they ask them what there political leanings are. When Obama gets elected he can have a bunch of libs in the justice department. I think people are just upset over the fact that a harvard grad doesn't get picked before a less qualified candidate.

But the large stink that people are making over this and the Gonzalez firings, is really out of line to me. It's like "oh my god, administrations are choosing staff based on their political leanings!! I've never heard of such blasphemy!!" (sarcasm implied).

Also as a side note, politics in general has became "soft" in this respect. Everybody running around with their "unity 08'" stickers and people talking about "rising above" partisan politics (whatever that means) - its all ridiculous. Polarization is good, as our founders realized. Politics is dirty and nasty, accept it.
6.25.2008 9:43am
nrein1 (mail):

Have not read the report and will not read the report...but this whole "controversy" is ridiculous. What's the problem with a political branch of government - the executive branch - making decisions based on politics/ideology?

I thought that was the point...



For political appointees yes, but this was a civil servant hiring program. Civil servants are there for as long as they want to be, not just the length of the adminstration, most certainly politics shoudl nto come into play.
6.25.2008 9:44am
Prosecutorial Indiscretion:
We need an investigation. Those racist, bigot, homophobes. Why would conservatives and libertarians be "of course" banned from the CRD?

Prior to the Bush administration, the Civil Rights Division looked for "demonstrated commitment to civil rights" on resumes, defined narrowly as active membership in groups such as the ACLU or NAACP. This had the effect of ensuring that the large majority of its hires leaned left.
6.25.2008 9:47am
J. Aldridge:
Will this disclosure have guys like Patrick Leahy reconsider the policy of politicalization with appointments? :-)
6.25.2008 9:52am
Ex-Fed (mail) (www):
People who are asking "who cares if political factors are used?" ought to read the early section of the report describing, in detail, the regulations and statute prohibiting the use of political factors in such hiring decisions.

Perhaps a colorable policy argument could be made that this should not be the law. But it's beyond question that it is the law. DoJ is bound by it. If DoJ refuses to abide by the rule of law . . .

By the way, I loved the part of the report that described how one of the lead political appointee culprits delayed an interview with OIG, lawyered up, then abruptly quit her job the night before her scheduled interview so she could avoid submitting to an OIG interview. No guilty conscience there!
6.25.2008 10:15am
David M. Nieporent (www):
This is not affirmative action - this is good old fashion old boys gaming a selection process - affirmative action remedies past discrimination of particular disadvantaged groups recognized as such in the law.
Of course it doesn't. How does admitting a person with lower credentials from "disadvantaged groups" -- who may or may not actually have been personally disadvantaged -- "remedy" past discrimination against entirely different people in the past?

If it turns out that I didn't get a job one time, even though I was best qualified, because I am Jewish, how does hiring some other guy who's Jewish, who isn't the best qualified, "remedy" that? It's not like all Jewish people are fungible. The only thing it "remedies" is naked numerical tallies, divorced from any claim of desert.
6.25.2008 10:28am
therut:
All we did when we won the war aganist England was replace a King with corrupt lawyers and politicians. Our government is corrupt to the core. Our system of Justice is a farce at best. Yea, I am feeling grumpy today.
6.25.2008 10:29am
MarkField (mail):

How does admitting a person with lower credentials from "disadvantaged groups" -- who may or may not actually have been personally disadvantaged -- "remedy" past discrimination against entirely different people in the past?


For the obvious reason that discrimination is itself a process which treats people differently according to the group they belong to.

Your entire argument does nothing but rely on the near-impossibility of proving the impact on particular individuals when the wrongful conduct affects everyone in an entire group.
6.25.2008 10:54am
Carolina:

Prior to the Bush administration, the Civil Rights Division looked for "demonstrated commitment to civil rights" on resumes, defined narrowly as active membership in groups such as the ACLU or NAACP. This had the effect of ensuring that the large majority of its hires leaned left.


Huh? This is an obvious ideological litmus test. How can this be ok, but it be a grievous illegality when conservatives do it?
6.25.2008 11:02am
Per Son:
From anecdotal evidence, I have come to believe that the Bush Administration was an outlier.

In general, there was no problem for liberals during Reagan, Bush I, and Clinton. This administration is the first to really use politics as a major litmus test. Considering what Goodling did, is anyone surprised.

Moreover, using politics for hiring in the civil service is illegal.
6.25.2008 11:04am
A.S.:

A.S. -- what scandal? Have you checked the Democrat-Republican membership rolls of top law schools recently? Young lawyers and law students tend overwhelmingly to be liberal. A 5-1 split in applications shows pretty much that the career lawyers are forwarding the applications in roughly the same proportion as the applicant pool.


I have not "checked the Democrat-Republican membership rolls of top law schools" recently. It has been more than a decade since I was in law school. When I was in law school in the early-to-mid 90s - and I was within the criteria the Report uses here: in a top 20 law school (and not a particularly conservative one), in the top 20% of my class, and on law review - my experience was that there was nowhere near a 5-to-1 ratio of liberals to conservatives.

Now, maybe the ratio of liberals to conservatives has changed in the intervening decade-plus. Or maybe the applicant pool for the Honors Program doesn't mirror the law school population for some unrelated reason. But I doubt it. The careerists at DOJ are left-wing. And they recruit applicants to the Honors Program that are overwhelmingly left-wing (as the statistics show). The real scandal here is that the Report focused on just the political interference by Bush Administration personnel, and not on political interference by the left-wing careerists. But THAT type of scandal will never be seen to be a scandal, because everyone in polite society in Washington assumes that it is A-OK for left-wing careerists to recruit overwhelmingly left-wing applicants.
6.25.2008 11:21am
David M. Nieporent (www):
For the obvious reason that discrimination is itself a process which treats people differently according to the group they belong to.
That seems to answer a different question than the one I asked. I asked how affirmative action [*] accomplishes this; you dodged that and discussed the motive behind it.

Defenders of affirmative action always want to change the subject to the noble motives behind their support for affirmative action, rather than actually discussing the process of affirmative action.

Your entire argument does nothing but rely on the near-impossibility of proving the impact on particular individuals when the wrongful conduct affects everyone in an entire group.
But of course wrongful conduct generally doesn't affect everyone in an entire group. It's easy to see how not giving me a job (or not admitting me to a school) affects me. It's not that hard to see how it could affect my children, although that starts to get attenuated. It's very difficult to see how it affects someone completely unrelated to and unaffiliated with me. Particularly when that person wasn't born and his parents weren't even in the U.S. at the time the discrimination happened to me. Particularly when that person is himself not disadvantaged, but privileged.



[*] And by "affirmative action," I mean what that term has come to refer to -- race/gender preferences -- rather than what the phrase originally meant when it was coined, which was non-discrimination.
6.25.2008 11:32am
Floridan:
Skeptical Eye: "But how do you explain the shift from a 2-1 first level screen split in 2002 to a 5-1 split in 2006?"

Maybe four years of the Bush administration?
6.25.2008 11:33am
Apodaca:
My nomination for Most Transparently False (or Ignorant, or Both) Rationalization:
Elston [chief of staff to the Deputy Attorney General] denied that the candidate’s work on the Kerry campaign had any negative effect on his decision. Rather, Elston said that one of the reasons he did not grant the appeal was because other than selecting the Criminal Division as one of the components he was interested in, the applicant “didn’t express an interest in the Criminal Division.” Elston stated that his essay was not sufficient to express an interest in the Criminal Division because the Division “doesn’t prosecute sex offenders” and “does very different things than U.S. Attorneys’ Offices." [FOOTNOTE 57]

[FOOTNOTE:]We note that Elston’s statement that the Criminal Division does not prosecute sex offenders is incorrect. The Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section of
the Criminal Division prosecutes violations of federal law related to producing, distributing, receiving, or possessing child pornography, transporting women or children interstate for the purpose of engaging in criminal sexual activity, and traveling interstate or internationally to sexually abuse children. In addition, this Section has jurisdiction to prosecute cases of child sexual abuse on federal and Indian lands.
6.25.2008 11:40am
Geo (mail):
Orin,

I think your point number 3 is more important than you suggest. In 1993-95, it was well known that indicating an affiliation with the Federalist Society would not enhance your candidacy with the DoJ. The Clinton-types may have loosened up a bit after the 1994 election, but prior to that they weren't hiring conservative/libertarian types. During this period, my conservative friends usually had two versions of their resumes: one that included items that indicated their political views (usually used for judicial clerkships and certain sympathetic firms like Kirkland) and a sanatized version for everything else, especially the DoJ. This article/investigation is like the Independant Counsel law -- everything is all right as long as liberals are the beneficiaries, but once the policy is applied evenly and used against liberals, then suddenly everything is unfair. Sauce for the goose ....
6.25.2008 11:49am
David M. Nieporent (www):
Getting back to the actual DOJ Honors Program issue, I read the report. It's slightly problematic that it confuses what the law requires -- that political affiliation not be a factor -- with what they want, which is that viewpoint not be a factor.

And playing devil's advocate, at least some of the instances singled out by the report seem legitimate to me. While it's obviously not legitimate to say, "He was a staffer for a Democratic Senator, so reject him," it's not clear to me why "He has a more activist view of what the DoJ should be than we do, so reject him" is wrong.

That having been said, there were too many cases where it seemed pretty clear that decisions were based solely on forbidden partisan criteria.
6.25.2008 12:02pm
Tony Tutins (mail):
How does admitting a person with lower credentials from "disadvantaged groups" -- who may or may not actually have been personally disadvantaged -- "remedy" past discrimination against entirely different people in the past?

Unless you believe that either women or certain racial groups are genetically inferior to white males, you would expect them to participate in every area of life in rough proportion to their percentage of the population. Thus the absence of women, blacks, Jews, Hispanics, Slavs, or Irish from a particular school, trade, or profession indicates that the selection process for those schools, trades, or profession is defective. Instead of working on the root causes (which include faulty preparation, discouragement, and lack of interest), or creating a substitute credentialling process, the Congress instituted affirmative action. Affirmative action levels the playing field between the sexes and among the races.

The creation of women's varsity sports is another form of affirmative action, because women's teams cannot compete with men on an equal basis, and they rely on funds drawn from the more popular men's sports.
6.25.2008 12:38pm
Christopher Cooke (mail):
The law provides that political affiliation should not have any impact on a candidate's chances. So, if Bush 43's DOJ did not follow the law, shame on them. If Clinton's DOJ did not follow the law, shame on them too. The problem with the second point is that we do not have any evidence that Clinton's DOJ did in fact take politics into account in its hiring decisions, whereas we now have the IG's report that Bush 43's DOJ did so.

I think Orin started off with this false equivalency point by reciting impressions of conservative candidates to the Clinton DOJ Honors program that they thought their chances were better if they left off their resume some obvious conservative credential. As Orin appreciates, this is hardly evidence of anything, and is certainly not admissible evidence, so I wonder why he mentions it.
6.25.2008 1:05pm
David M. Nieporent (www):
Unless you believe that either women or certain racial groups are genetically inferior to white males, you would expect them to participate in every area of life in rough proportion to their percentage of the population.
Actually, I would not. First, we would not expect that to be the case even if people were distributed randomly. And second, equal ability does not equate to equal interest.

And third, I fail to see how that's responsive to my point. If I'm being unjustly discriminated against in my attempts to enter a particular school, trade, or profession, how does it remedy that for some other person who happens to share my skin color or religious background to get an unearned advantage in entering that particular school, trade, or profession?
6.25.2008 1:09pm
MarkField (mail):

That seems to answer a different question than the one I asked. I asked how affirmative action [*] accomplishes this; you dodged that and discussed the motive behind it.


No, the motive and the remedy are directly connected.


But of course wrongful conduct generally doesn't affect everyone in an entire group.


Sure it does -- that's what it means to discriminate: to treat individuals on the basis of perceived group characteristics. Now, it's true that not every group member will be equally damaged by discrimination, but that's a different issue. Your solution is to say, in practice, that nobody can obtain any remedy. My solution is to give the remedy to everyone in the affected group. Neither is perfect, but mine is, of course, better.


And by "affirmative action," I mean what that term has come to refer to -- race/gender preferences -- rather than what the phrase originally meant when it was coined, which was non-discrimination.


We've been over this before, and I've provided quotes from MLK and LBJ which show that you're wrong as a matter of historical fact.
6.25.2008 1:26pm
FC:
Liberals' presumption of moral superiority never ceases to amuse me. As though underhanded political bias only came to Washington with the current Administration.
6.25.2008 1:39pm
libarbarian (mail):
I'm glad A.S. and Skeptical Eye are here representing the "Affirmative Action for Conservatives" movement.

I don't buy that failing to hire 50% women is proof of sexism so I sure as hell don't buy the idea that less than 50% conservatives is proof of liberal bias. I guess it's "Disparate impact for me but not for thee", huh?

I remember a previous thread where this topic was explicitly brought up for discussion and some "conservative" honestly said (paraphrased): "Hiring preferences for conservatives in academia wouldn't be 'affirmative action' because AA denotes undeserved preferences for unqualified minorities whereas hiring preferences for conservatives in academia would be a fair redress for historic discrimination against them"

Oh boy did that one keep me laughing for a while.
6.25.2008 1:53pm
Zebra:
As more than one commenter has observed, since no similar report exists for the Clinton years we are left to rely on anecdotal evidence and what little value it has to explore any bias from that administration. Orin has his impressions of what the process was like in '97, and I have mine from roughly that time.

While I can muster no love for the Clinton years, I have to say that I applied for a DOJ Honors position after graduating law school in the late 90's, listed my membership in Fed. Soc. (and position in the law school chapter's leadership) on the application, listed my work for a well known right-leaning circuit court judge, and proceeded to get myself hired. Take from that what you will.
6.25.2008 2:04pm
Suzy (mail):
Does anyone really deny that the DoJ should follow the law, and try to avoid being driven by partisanship when filling these positions? This goal may never be achieved, realistically, but wouldn't it be better to get closer to it?

If the Clinton admin or any other failed on this score, it's just as wrong for them. Why do we want to descend into this tit-for-tat mentality, where people race each other to the bottom? "If [insert bad behavior here] was allegedly done by [insert enemy political affiliation here], then why complain when my side does it? Because hopefully, we want to be decent people who hold everyone to the same high standard, that's why.

I also don't understand this 5-to-1 or 2-to-1 comparison. You're talking about the 30% of applicants who actually stated an affiliation. Do you really think the other 70% have none? We just don't know what it is. That numbers game is therefore rather silly.
6.25.2008 2:26pm
OrinKerr:
Zebra,

Have we spoken about this before offline? I know of one person who did this in the Criminal Division around that period; I remember thinking that it was pretty bold to apply with that on the resume.
6.25.2008 2:32pm
Tony Tutins (mail):
If I'm being unjustly discriminated against in my attempts to enter a particular school, trade, or profession, how does it remedy that for some other person who happens to share my skin color or religious background to get an unearned advantage in entering that particular school, trade, or profession?

It doesn't, dude, sorry. But as Mark Field says, those harmed are all members of your ethnic group, not just you. Think of it as akin to (lack of) mootness for claims capable of repetition yet evading review. Should abortion be illegal if the Supreme Court had just waited till Roe went through menopause?

Regarding randomness and lack of interest: If only blacks were surgeons while all Jews were ditchdiggers and pushcart peddlers, would you not suspect something was wrong? Or would you think it was simple preference -- outdoor work is healthy and provides freedom to think about Torah? To me it would at least seem improbable.
6.25.2008 2:52pm
Zebra:
Orin,

Nope. I can't recall ever having met you, chatted with you or exchanged emails on any subject, let alone this one. So I guess there are at least two of us out here who were bold/foolish enough to display our conservative stripes during Honors hiring in the Clinton years.
6.25.2008 2:56pm
Brian G (mail) (www):
I always knew there would be a preference program that liberals would get upset about. I am quite sure an Obama DOJ would run out to hire Federalist Society members, just like I am sure the Clinton DOJ didn't care about liberal ideology either. Only Bush does things like that. We know that Dems never do.

Seriously, Professor, with all due respect. Re-read your own post. You call what the Bush DOJ does a disgrace but gloss over what was pretty much the same thing going on in the Clinton DOJ, especially the Civil Rights Division as you noted. My guess is that if you did not get the position, you'd have a much different attitude.
6.25.2008 3:09pm
Brian G (mail) (www):
One other thing Professor. There is no such thing as "politicization" in anything that has to do with the government. They are political by nature.
6.25.2008 3:11pm
Suzy (mail):
Brian, this is exactly the sort of response I was talking about. Do you believe it is a good thing when applicants for positions like these are screened for political reasons? If not, then why is the response to attack "liberals" and Clinton for supposedly being no better? Does it thereby become less disgraceful for the Bush admin to have done this?

There's a difference between "politicization" in the general sense and what is happening here, which is simply not legal. When we excuse bad behavior by always pointing a finger and saying "the other guy did it first", then we can be sure nothing will improve.
6.25.2008 3:24pm
libarbarian (mail):
Brian,

Its wrong no matter who does it.

Now try again.
6.25.2008 3:26pm
A.S.:

I don't buy that failing to hire 50% women is proof of sexism so I sure as hell don't buy the idea that less than 50% conservatives is proof of liberal bias.


But you do buy that a disproportionate number of "deselections" of liberals is proof of conservative bias? I see.

In any event, as I see it, the disproportionate deselection is not "affirmative action" at all but rather may be viewed merely as correcting the ideological skew in the process induced by the left-wing careerists who weeded out conservatives (or failed to recruit them properly) that lead to the grossly disproportionate 5-to-1 ratio of liberals over conservatives in the first place.
6.25.2008 3:42pm
A.S.:
I also don't understand this 5-to-1 or 2-to-1 comparison. You're talking about the 30% of applicants who actually stated an affiliation. Do you really think the other 70% have none? We just don't know what it is.

And what's your point? That the 70% whose resumes revealed no ideological preference differed drastically from the 30% who had an ideological marker on their resume? That seems unlikely. If anything, in fact, the 70% who did not reveal anything on their resume would likely be even more liberal than the 30% who did, since we would expect some liberals to hide the fact that they are liberal when applying to the Bush DOJ (just the same as when, as Orin noted above, conservatives hid the fact that they were conservative from the Clinton DOJ).
6.25.2008 3:47pm
Eli Rabett (www):
The report was interesting for a number of reasons. First, there were no issues with hiring in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Second all the paperwork for 2002, where there were issues had been shredded. The 2002 Honors Program stirred up the DOJ enough that pretty much only civil servants ran it in 2003-5. Third, the report basically said that Elston lied like a rug to them. Fourth, I guess no one has noticed but Republicans were running DOJ for something like 28 of the last 40 years, so how come all the lawyers there are liberals?
6.25.2008 4:03pm
erp2 (mail):
Eli, you asked the $64,000 dollar question. Perhaps it's because the vast majority of law school graduates are liberal or act like they are to get into the schools of their choice and then get hired for the best jobs.

Re: Conservatives and Libertarians being denied jobs in the Civil Rights area. That is indeed ironic since it was Republicans who voted for and passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Democrats, like Senator Albert Gore, Sr. who voted against it.
6.25.2008 4:25pm
Crust (mail):
OSU2L:
The stories frequently cite the division's "support" of the Georgia voter ID law (which is less rigid than the Indiana law recently ok'd by SCOTUS).
Didn't the Georgia law -- unlike the Indiana law -- require a fee and hence constitute a poll tax?

erp2, I'm not sure how Albert Gore, Sr.'s vote in 1964 is relevant. But for what it's worth he later said it was his greatest mistake. He also voted in favor of the 1965 Civil Rights Act.
6.25.2008 4:57pm
libarbarian (mail):

But you do buy that a disproportionate number of "deselections" of liberals is proof of conservative bias? I see.



Did you even read the report and are lying or are you just making up "facts" from ignorance?

You are the only one making simplistic "disparate impact" claims. Their evidence goes beyond that.

From the Report:


This OIG/OPR investigation was conducted by a team of OIG and OPR attorneys and OIG program analysts. The team interviewed more than 70 individuals who participated in the hiring process, including political appointees, career attorneys, and human resources personnel.
The team reviewed thousands of pages of applications, e-mails, and other documents from the components who participated in the Honors Program and SLIP between 2002 and 2006;



See, what this means is that they didn't just look at numbers - like you did - but actually talked to people who were involved in the process in order to understand the underlying causes of the numbers. Its an amazing idea. You might want to try it sometime.



McDonald’s notations on the applications that her concerns about candidates’ affiliations led McDonald to put their applications in the questionable pile, regardless of whether they had good grades or had attended a top law school.

.....

For example, Fridman recalled that one candidate was at the top of his class at Harvard Law School and was fluent in Arabic. McDonald’s written notations indicated that she had
concerns about the candidate because he was a member of the Council on American Islamic Relations
and that she had placed the application in the questionable pile. Fridman said he wrote on the application that this candidate was at the top of his class at Harvard and was exactly the type of person DOJ needed.




In the November 29 e-mail, McDonald wrote that three of the eight candidates were “Unacceptable” based on her objections to the candidates’ ideological affiliations. She objected to one candidate on the basis of the organizations he belonged to and to statements in his essay that she considered “leftist.” She wrote in the e-mail:


Poverty &Race Research Council actively works to extend
racial discrimination through increased affirmative action
and, while there, [the candidate] helped draft document
arguing that federal law requires recipients of federal
funding to seek actively to discriminate in favor of
minorities (racial, language, and health) rather than merely
to treat all applicants equally; Greenaction is an extreme
organization founded by Greenpeace members and
promoting civil disobedience and engaging in violence in
protests, and the organization adheres to the Principles of
Environmental Justice, which are positively ridiculous (e.g., recognizing ‘our spiritual interdependence to the
sacredness of our Mother Earth’ and ‘oppos[ing] military
occupation, repression and exploitation of lands, peoples
and cultures, and other life forms’); [the candidate] also
is/was a member of Greenpeace; [the candidate’s] essay is
filled with leftist commentary and buzz words like
‘environmental justice’ and ‘social justice.’


In the e-mail, McDonald noted that she deemed another
candidate unacceptable because the candidate was “active in ACS.” Fridman said that he believed McDonald was referring to the American Constitution Society, an organization that was intended to be a “progressive” counterpart to the more conservative Federalist Society. However, we determined that this candidate’s application did not mention his membership in the American Constitution Society or ACS. Fridman said he believed that McDonald must have obtained this
information from the Internet.



McDonald found another candidate questionable because of the candidate’s grammar, writing style, and grades, but noted: “In her favor, she refers to wanting to work for DOJ to fulfill her goal of ‘enforcing the law.’ Leftists usually refer to achieving ‘social justice’ or ‘making policy’ or anything else that involves legislating rather than enforcing.”



We asked Fridman to review a sample of approximately 50
applications of deselected candidates who had outstanding academic records. Fridman said that he would have voted yes on each of the candidates. Fridman repeatedly expressed surprise that candidates for whom he voted yes, based on their grades, law school, and class rank, were in fact deselected.


We both know that if some liberal said the same thing about 50 conservative applicants you would be all over it. I would be to. The difference between us is that I don't prostitute my integrity for a party like some cheap slut.





Judgement: Pathetic, but please feel free to try again.
6.25.2008 5:51pm
TDPerkins (mail):

Fourth, I guess no one has noticed but Republicans were running DOJ for something like 28 of the last 40 years, so how come all the lawyers there are liberals?


The greater part of Republicans, being the more honest, are less inclined to work in government?

Not that the skew in hirin to correct the skew in hires is a bad thing--gotta have diversity, y'know.

Yours, TDP, ml, msl, &pfpp
6.25.2008 6:44pm
RE (mail):
I'm a big fan of the rule of law, but as a human being, I am a natural hypocrite...

Driving over 25 mph in a 25 zone is illegal, smoking pot is illegal, and failing to pick up after my dog poops 100% of the time is illegal, too (even 99.9% makes me a scofflaw).

For me, a political branch, whether Democrat, Republican, Green, or whatever behaving politically amounts to about the same as that one time I did not pick up my dog's sh!t. It may be illegal, but...yawn...I'm not outraged. It's all part of the game, baby!
6.25.2008 7:02pm
Prosecutorial Indiscretion:
Poverty &Race Research Council actively works to extend
racial discrimination through increased affirmative action
and, while there, [the candidate] helped draft document
arguing that federal law requires recipients of federal
funding to seek actively to discriminate in favor of
minorities (racial, language, and health) rather than merely
to treat all applicants equally; Greenaction is an extreme
organization founded by Greenpeace members and
promoting civil disobedience and engaging in violence in
protests, and the organization adheres to the Principles of
Environmental Justice, which are positively ridiculous (e.g., recognizing ‘our spiritual interdependence to the
sacredness of our Mother Earth’ and ‘oppos[ing] military
occupation, repression and exploitation of lands, peoples
and cultures, and other life forms’); [the candidate] also
is/was a member of Greenpeace; [the candidate’s] essay is
filled with leftist commentary and buzz words like
‘environmental justice’ and ‘social justice.’


I won't speak for all the decisions made (some appear to have been illegal and others were highly questionable as matters of judgment and policy), but the above information is more than sufficient to justifiably remove someone from consideration.
6.25.2008 7:10pm
Colin (mail):
PI, if I understand you correctly, you're suggesting that (inter alia) a belief in "our spiritual interdependence [on] the sacrednesss of our Mother Earth" is sufficient to remove someone from consideration. What other religious beliefs should disqualify a person from public employment? What's that old rule about religious tests being used as a bar to public office?
6.25.2008 7:53pm
ty:
As a recent honors hire, this whole thing makes me feel icky.
6.25.2008 8:26pm
ty:
Oh, and I would appreciate it if my friends would stop emailing me links to stories about it.
6.25.2008 8:27pm
TDPerkins (mail):

As a recent honors hire, this whole thing makes me feel icky.


And yet, I've heard some "progrissives" express certainty that AA doesn't and shouldn't make any of it's beneficiaries feel icky.

'Course they're as honest and perceptive as MarkField.

Yours, TDP, ml, msl, &pfpp
6.25.2008 8:47pm
LM (mail):
ty:

Oh, and I would appreciate it if my friends would stop emailing me links to stories about it.

If you don't post your e-mail address, how are we supposed to know we aren't sending it to you? :)
6.25.2008 9:32pm
Prosecutorial Indiscretion:
PI, if I understand you correctly, you're suggesting that (inter alia) a belief in "our spiritual interdependence [on] the sacrednesss of our Mother Earth" is sufficient to remove someone from consideration. What other religious beliefs should disqualify a person from public employment? What's that old rule about religious tests being used as a bar to public office?

I wasn't focused on the spirituality stuff (though as an aside someone too invested in any given ideology, including but not limited to opposing the oppression and exploitation of lands etc., may not be the best choice for employment at DOJ; it seems to me that a key part of the job is setting your personal agenda and policy preferences aside in favor of the evenhanded and fair enforcement of existing laws). I'm concerned with membership in a group that promotes civil disobedience.

While civil disobedience certainly has an important role to play in American society, the moral authority to enforce the law carries with it a heavy obligation to obey the law. You can't put someone in jail for breaking a given law if you yourself pick and choose which laws to obey. In addition, many DOJ lawyers are given broad autonomy with respect to how they prioritize their cases, and it might hurt the credibility of the Department to have someone pursuing a private agenda using his or her DOJ authority.
6.25.2008 9:56pm
erp2 (mail):
The right is accused of being anti-civil rights while the left is touted as being civil rights friendly when the truth couldn't be more opposite. That's why I cited the obvious example of Gore senior's vote. Of course when he realized public opinion had turned, he was sorry for his vote.

The DOJ as well as the rest of the liberal elite is pro-affirmative action for protected "minorities," not pro-civil rights for all our citizens.
6.25.2008 10:03pm
ty:
LM: I'm anon because the FBI hasn't finished my background check and I don't want to be associated with a liberal hotbed like VC. :-)
6.25.2008 11:48pm
Suzy (mail):
And what's your point? That the 70% whose resumes revealed no ideological preference differed drastically from the 30% who had an ideological marker on their resume? That seems unlikely. If anything, in fact, the 70% who did not reveal anything on their resume would likely be even more liberal than the 30% who did...

No, I have no interest in guessing the preferences of people who didn't state one, especially because that's irrelevant. Those who are arguing about this 5-to-1 ratio see it as evidence that liberal candidates had a better chance of getting through an initial screening. I'm saying that when you're talking about 30% of the whole pool, and you have no idea why the other 70% aren't identifiable by political affiliation, then you don't have sufficient evidence to make that argument.

Perhaps the reason why most can't be identified by their politics is not that they are trying to hide for personal advantage, but that they have the decency to try to keep their personal commitments out of an arena where they would be inappropriate. It is a group of the best and brightest, yes? Perhaps they have the basic courtesy to try to keep their politics out of their non-partisan work for the taxpayer, which is what those involved in the hiring process should have been doing, too.
6.25.2008 11:52pm
Brian G (mail) (www):

Brian,

Its wrong no matter who does it.

Now try again.



Why? I agree with you. I was calling out the Professor for complaining about this instance but glossing over what is exactly the same thing that was done at the time he got his position. And, I pointed out that this is always done, regardless of who is in power, and that it will always be done. Frankly, I think being shocked that politics is going on here is either something like Claude Raines "shock" in Casablanca or pure denial of political reality.
6.26.2008 12:11am
Colin (mail):
I'm concerned with membership in a group that promotes civil disobedience. While civil disobedience certainly has an important role to play in American society, the moral authority to enforce the law carries with it a heavy obligation to obey the law.

A fair point, although it doesn't look to me as if McDonald was thinking along these lines.


In addition, many DOJ lawyers are given broad autonomy with respect to how they prioritize their cases, and it might hurt the credibility of the Department to have someone pursuing a private agenda using his or her DOJ authority.

This is also a good point. I'm reluctant to give McDonald a pass on her rejection of the candidate as an ideologue, though. His mere membership in an organization (especially as a youth) isn't persuasive to me that there's a serious risk of him using his power as a junior DOJ employee to pursue a private agenda. Ironically, it appears that McDonald was the one pursuing her own agenda.
6.26.2008 10:32am
Colin (mail):
I'm concerned with membership in a group that promotes civil disobedience. While civil disobedience certainly has an important role to play in American society, the moral authority to enforce the law carries with it a heavy obligation to obey the law.

A fair point, although it doesn't look to me as if McDonald was thinking along these lines.


In addition, many DOJ lawyers are given broad autonomy with respect to how they prioritize their cases, and it might hurt the credibility of the Department to have someone pursuing a private agenda using his or her DOJ authority.

This is also a good point. I'm reluctant to give McDonald a pass on her rejection of the candidate as an ideologue, though. His mere membership in an organization (especially as a youth) isn't persuasive to me that there's a serious risk of him using his power as a junior DOJ employee to pursue a private agenda. Ironically, it appears that McDonald was the one pursuing her own agenda.
6.26.2008 10:46am
Colin (mail):
I'm concerned with membership in a group that promotes civil disobedience. While civil disobedience certainly has an important role to play in American society, the moral authority to enforce the law carries with it a heavy obligation to obey the law.

A fair point, although it doesn't look to me as if McDonald was thinking along these lines.


In addition, many DOJ lawyers are given broad autonomy with respect to how they prioritize their cases, and it might hurt the credibility of the Department to have someone pursuing a private agenda using his or her DOJ authority.

This is also a good point. I'm reluctant to give McDonald a pass on her rejection of the candidate as an ideologue, though. His mere membership in an organization (especially as a youth) isn't persuasive to me that there's a serious risk of him using his power as a junior DOJ employee to pursue a private agenda. Ironically, it appears that McDonald was the one pursuing her own agenda.
6.26.2008 10:46am