My colleague Michael Scharf, who teaches several international law courses and is currently Chair of the ABA’s International Legal Education Committee, asked me to post his view on taking international law in the first year of law school, in response to Eric's thoughts below.
At Case Western we offer international law in the spring of the first year as one of five electives (and have done so for over a decade). Currently, more than half of our first year class enrolls in the course, which I teach. The course is not strictly public international law, but a hybrid of public and private international law (actually, most international practitioners and academics will tell you that the lines have blurred between the two over the years). I use the Carter, Trimble, Weiner casebook, which introduces students to the fundamentals of treaty interpretation, customary international law, the law of state succession, international organizations, numerous substantive areas (international trade law, international environmental law, law of the sea, international criminal law, international human rights law), as well as international law in the U.S. (including questions of constitutionality of Executive actions, the role of customary international law in U.S. courts, the foreign sovereign immunities Act, the act of state doctrine, choice of law, and recognition/enforcement of foreign judgments). The advantages of taking international law as a 1L include: (1) it gives students an edge in competing for international law-related jobs for their first summer (a number of our 1L students obtain placements at foreign law firms, war crimes tribunals, international institutions, and NGOs); (2) it gives students an early indication of the various areas of specialty within the field, so that they will know what international law specialty courses they would benefit from when they sign up for upper level courses in the spring semester (we have 47 international law courses, seminars, and Labs to choose from at Case); and (3) it exposes students to a field of law that is becoming pervasive in the practice of law in the United States (everything from family law to property law now often has an international law component).
I will just add that I think there is some common ground. Michael is not calling for making international law a required course, and Eric acknowledges that if a student is interested in the subject, that is a good enough reason to take it. I agree that most students at most schools will rarely get an opportunity to work on public international law issues as practicing attorneys, but I also think Case Western may be an exception in this regard (at least that's what Michael tells me). I would also stress that if a student is interested in working in an international law field, private international (and comparative) law is far more important, and its relevance for many practicing attorneys is likely to increase over time.
Related Posts (on one page):
- Michael Scharf on International Law in the First Year:
- It's Like Ping-Pong of the Mind!
- Should 1Ls take international law?
To believe (1), we have to believe that there are a large amount of International Law 1L jobs out there for the #55 national law school located in OHIO, not previously known as a hotbed of I-Law. Not only that, but we must believe that an actual I-Law course gives them an advantage over generic high legal grades. And even given that ALL THAT is true, who cares about a 1L summer unpaid internship? Does anyone think these lead into full-time post-grad jobs?
(2) is self-proving and ridiculous on its face. You have to take I-Law... to learn about I-Law! Look, if there was a foundational course in Legal Basket Weaving, which lead to numerous electives in seminar-level Basket Weaving, I would be equally unimpressed. The question is "Is I-Law useful?" not "Does Case Western pour money into this trendy legal topic?"
(3) is the usual self-serving nonsense all minor specialties churn out. I remember reading the same proposition in a set of papers about Video Game Law -- it's huge! It's everywhere! The question, again, is not whether there are I-Law aspects to some legal practices, but whether an I-Law course better prepares you then generic legal principles. Evidence suggests that even most I-Law is just Contracts on an international scale, and doesn't require reading treaties signed at the Hague.
Most law students taking Scharf's classes will accumulate six-digit nondischargeable debt. For Scharf to breezily assure them and the world that they will be well prepared for the many post-graduate I-Law jobs out there in Ohio without any recourse to facts or numbers is, at best, irresponsible.
One thing to remember is that law school subject area courses aren't typically about preparing you to practice in that subject area. The main useful reason to take a subject area course in law school outside of one's planned specialized practice area is to recognize issues when they come up related to that practice area. If you're an IP lawyer, it might be useful to spot the Paris Convention issue that pops up in your otherwise normal trademark case. Or an antitrust issue--I got significant credit for catching antitrust arguments that came up in a case in my first year of practice, when most patent specialists who hadn't taken antitrust didn't know what the elements of an unlawful monopolization claim were.
You never get expertise from law school; all you get is enough proficiency in the subject to figure out what to research. That level of proficiency in I-Law can be quite useful.
And (3) is something that I hear asserted often, but that certainly doesn't seem to be correct with regard to U.S. law. Where I would differ with Kevin!, however, is that unlike with other parochial specializations, devotees of international law tend to assert this and similar claims with a sort of evangelistic fervor. That is, they don't just think this is true--they are actively working to make it the case that international law permeates U.S. law. I have mixed feelings about this project; I do not have the sort of reflexive hostility to international norms and legal institutions that many conservatives express, and indeed I can see some positive effects that international legal norms might have on U.S. law in the foreseeable future. However, there are aspects of foreign law--such as lesser speech protection for opinions deemed "hate speech" or disrespectful of certain religious groups--which could easily become incorporated into international law under general "human rights" standards, and which I view as clearly inferior to the U.S. approach of adopting a hands-off approach to even the most hateful and offensive sorts of speech.
Easy A!
You have to have a really BROAD definition of "international" to do this. One mention of the "international" aspects of whatever CONVERTS the course from contracts or whatever into "international contracts." It's just a marketing ploy. ;-)
It serves much the same purpose as the "law porn" that recently jams our faculty mailboxes.
Larry Rosenthal
Chapman University School of Law
By the time students are in law school, many of their peers will have already committed crimes at the international level (think for example of Uncle Pinochet's little helpers from U Chicago).
This way, law students can try their peers in international courts of justice and get good practice.
NS
Part of the trouble is that the entire process of education and certification also drives what will be available. The JD and bar-exam process in current form is imposed in a guild-like fashion, not demanded by the market. The profession has decided that all lawyers ought to have a set of core knowledge deemed necessary--- and what goes in that core knowledge is decided based on reasons other than the market (the job market does not write bar exams).
If you embrace that, then something other than the job market is deciding what goes in the core knowledge in any case, based on some sort of principles of professional education, well-roundedness, etc. And that's the debate being had here--- ought international law to be part of that core?
But if you really do think the job market ought to decide, there is little justification for a one-size-fits-all bar exam at all, or even one-size-fits-all JD. Allow people to enter practice as IP-specialized lawyers, or wills-and-trusts specialized lawyers, or tax-specialized lawyers, after taking a specialized 1-to-2-year degree course and passing a specialized exam only testing knowledge in their field. Perhaps continue to offer the general JD and bar exams as well, and let the job market decide which variety of degree and certification it values in which cases.
Right now the system seems to be that law schools impart information while law firms are supposed to teach skills. This seems ass-backwards, particularly in periods of economic flux. How many new graduates just learned a boatload of securities and real estate?
You make some facutal assertions of your own which need some support.
1) When you state "the #55 national law school located in OHIO, not previously known as a hotbed of I-Law" are you stating that Case Western is not known as a hotbed of International Law, or that Cleveland isn't?
Case Western is actually pretty well known for its international law programs, so maybe it's just not known as a hotbed to you.
As for Cleveland, well, yeah it's Cleveland but it's more international than a lot of other cities. Some indicators are the Greater Cleveland International Lawyers Group and the International Law Section of the Cleveland Bar.
http://www.clemetrobar.org/lawyers_sections.asp?id=28&did=28
2) Not every laywer who practices international law does it as a full time job. It is oftentimes hard to find a full time gig as an international lawyer, but that doesn't mean the field doesn't have quite a few people practicing in it, it's just that they're doing so part time or pro bono. Look at all the asshats getting their international law fix defending detainees.
3) Your point in #2 is a bit of a stretch. The OP was looking at whether IL should be a 1L elective, it makes sense then if you're planning on taking upper class electives in IL to a have a foundation in the field. The logic would apply the same to upper level courses in gaming law, should they exist.
4) Regarding 1L unpaid summer internships. Well, in international law jobs, especially those at international tribunals or NGO's the unpaid summer job is the foot in the door and really the only way to get those types of jobs. OCI is populated with firms, mostly big ones, everyone else looking for jobs in all of the other places lawyers look really do need those unpaid summer jobs to get hired. Survey DA's offices and find out where they get their entry level hires...it's those unpaid summer jobs.
5) "Evidence suggests that even most I-Law is just Contracts on an international scale, and doesn't require reading treaties signed at the Hague." Wow, point me to that evidence. You mean to tell me everyone practicing in any facet of international law is really just a contracts expert. I want to see that evidence because it is, to use a phrase such a massive assertion of fact that it must, must be backed up by some facts.
6) Your final point is curious because it assumes that law students can't figure these things out for themselves. Moreover it assumes some bad faith on the part of the OP, and seems to suggest that he is "breezily" convincing a bunch of naive students that they will land international law jobs that will pay off their debt. The irresponsibility lies with students who don't carefully research their career prospects, and faculty and staff who mislead them. I doubt Scharf is telling students "These jobs are easy to get and you'll make a mint." Just like criminal law professors aren't telling students taking on six figure debt that the PD's office is the place to go to pay it off. Students are adults, they need to figure these things out on their own and in most cases faculty are their to guide them and provide them the mentorship they need, not counsel them on the ins and outs of their law school financing decisions.
Otherwise, you make good points.
From here:
In Cleveland/NE Ohio:
Current international business activity:
– Approximately two-thirds of businesses surveyed have been engaged in at least some international
business activity
– More than half of respondents who have been engaged in international business have been doing so for
more than 15 years
– Exporting and importing goods and services was the most common type of international business activity
that companies are engaged in
– On average, companies participated in three different types of international business activities
– On average, companies engaged in international business with five different countries
– Canada and Mexico were the most common business partners, followed by China, UK, and Germany
Intended growth of international business activities:
– Nearly three-fourths (74%) of firms surveyed currently have a goal to increase their levels of
international business
– Companies were most likely to indicate a desire to increase importing and exporting activities (54%
want to increase importing; 82% want to increase exporting)
Legal services’ role in international business activities:
– 57% of respondents indicated that they require legal counsel to conduct
international business activities
– Of these respondents:
• 30% use in-house counsel
• 68% use outside attorneys based in Northeast Ohio
• 34% use outside attorneys based in the U.S. but outside Northeast Ohio
• 32% use outside attorneys based outside the U.S.
(many respondents reported using attorneys in multiple categories)
– Firms spent a median of $5,000 on outside counsel for international business
issues (in their most recent fiscal year)
– The mean spending on outside counsel was $55,000 (several firms reported
spending more than $100,000)
Perhaps IL is not the waste of time many commenters are making it out to be.
You quote private I-Law business facts to prove that a course focusing on public I-Law is useful. I don't see how the two have much in common.
I wouldn't have a problem with I-Law if either 1) students were not taking on $100K+ in non-dischargeable debt, or 2) students could estimate their realistic job prospects post-graduation.
The reality of debt is that law students absolutely require a steady post-graduate source of income for repayment. Failure to do so means default, ruined credit, and generally awful consequences. With respect to employment possibilities, Biglaw firms care primarily about your overall GPA and business law focus. Government hiring is primarily about your overall GPA and possibly a specialty. Good Public Interest staff attorney jobs (ACLU) require 3-5 years experience at a good Biglaw firm and are also very difficult to get. Public interest jobs that don't require experience also don't pay any money or are part-time.
Look, if a student can go to law school, have three wonderful years studying I-Law, and do so debt-free, then that's great. But, because they can't, the law school and professors have a responsibility towards the students they are extracting so much money and years from. Every time a student emerges with a freshly minted J.D., debt service payments in the four-figure range, and no job prospects, a law school has failed.
You and the Professor seem to assume that there are a significant number of paying I-Law jobs out there, presumably fresh out of law school, and that specializing in PUBLIC I-Law will give them a boost in finding jobs in this interesting field. Incredible propositions when students at top schools with journal experience cannot find legal jobs.
Case Western graduates approximately 200 students a year. If there are any statistics as to how many of those students find jobs in the I-Law field, I can't find them.
More specifically, I am one of those Case alums who took International Law as a 1L. It was a large reason why I was able to work at an international human rights NGO in London after my first summer. Many of the internships I looked at made it clear that some international law course was required to apply.
Kevin! stated that "... who cares about a 1L summer unpaid internship? Does anyone think these lead into full-time post-grad jobs?" First of all, many students would want the experience of working abroad even if the chance of getting a job is low. No, I did not continue to work at that London NGO or where I worked in SE Asia. However, I still value the experience. The fact that there are many people who do not choose to take a full-time job at the place they had an international internships highlights even more why it is important for students to have this option after their 1L summer instead of after their 2L summer. Many students, no matter what field they work in after their 1L year, choose a different job after school.
Second, as Barrister's Handshake said, taking an internship is often the route that young lawyers need to take to break into the international law field. I know other interns (some from Case Western and some not) who did turn their internships into full-time jobs.
Moreover, taking international law internships can help you get U.S.-based jobs. Particularly in this job climate, it is important to find a way to differentiate yourself. My current domestic employer made clear that one of the reasons I was chosen for my job is that I chose to work abroad during law school. My employer recognizes that living and working abroad can bring important perspectives to legal issues.
Therefore, given that students want to take International Law as 1Ls and given that this class can lead to internships and given that some students turn their internships into jobs, Case Western and other schools should continue to offer the elective to 1L classes.
I cite Private IL facts because the OP said that his course is a hybrid of private international law and public international law. Your criticism was that the OP provided no evidence that learning IL was of value, especially in Cleveland. The facts I provided directly contradict your statement and support the OP.
You write "I wouldn't have a problem with I-Law if either 1) students were not taking on $100K+ in non-dischargeable debt, or 2) students could estimate their realistic job prospects post-graduation."
It sounds like the problem you have is with legal education in general, not IL specifically. Both problems you identify will continue to exist even if a school offered no International Law courses whatsoever. International Law is not driving the $100k of non-dischargeable debt train, or students inability to estimate their realistic job prospects.
Moreover you argue that I seem to think there are a significant number of IL jobs out there. I'm not sure where you're getting that from when I specifically stated "Not every laywer who practices international law does it as a full time job. It is oftentimes hard to find a full time gig as an international lawyer."
I don't make any assumptions about the number of paying IL jobs. You're trying to fit my arguments into your problem with international law, which isn't a problem with international law at all, but is rather your argument against legal education. Yes, legal education costs money, despite your desire that it be free. Yes, students don't all get jobs. Neither problem is caused by a law school offering a course in international law.
Now I do make some assumptions here. I assume that students are adults who can figure out their career prospects on their own. (it's easy, even Uncle Sam provides data about lawyer job prospects) I figured out the predicament I was in as soon as I signed my loan papers and I'm still working to pay my $100k+ loans off. (no Big Law here) The only person responsible for my debt is me, not the professors of international law who taught me (or the professors of wills and trusts which I never took and never use, or tax, or corporations, or secure transactions, etc.) That's called personal responsibility, I won't blame others for my poor job prospects, decisions or debt situation. Sure legal education would be better if it were free, it would be better if we all had guaranteed jobs, and life would be better if I didn't have to work at all, but that's just not the real world. Your argument that we should shift responsibility for student decisions to international law professors because students can't find jobs in a competitive field is one I won't subscribe to.
Is this true? Do you have a cite?
A personal experience does not translate into a ringing endorsement for everyone. The most useful class I ever took in law school was Conflict of Laws. That class helped me far more than any other course I ever took. Does that mean it should be a required (or even elective) 1L course? Heck, no.
Personally, I don't think there should be any electives 1L. Fads come and go. Perhaps administrative law might be moved to the 1L year because of the increase of the importance of the admin. state, but that's about it. But international law is what it is- like family law, or poverty law, or employment law, or admiralty law... great if that's what you're into, but certainly not something that needs to be taught the first year, and something that's easily picked up if needed in your second or third years.
Case Western offers an elective course for first year students which attracts them to Case Western for law school. Case is not Harvard or Yale... Case Western's name alone is not sufficient enough. When students say they want to come to Case because they like the idea of taking an elective (which by the way, is not limited international law, Case has health law and intellectual property law as well, among other courses) what is so wrong with that? You are all acting like law school is not a business. That is completely naive. Law school IS a business. Get used to it.
Also, I had to weigh in on my personal experiences because a few of you are just, well, again wrong:
1. I was on the international law journal.
2. I had an unpaid externship my 1st and 3rd years at the UN.
3. I now have a job at a top 100 law firm, and no, I did not graduate order of the coif.
4. I also have a job in Cambodia, working for a human rights organization, until my firm job starts in January. I got this position through my externship at the UN and the people I met. What are most people whose jobs got pushed back start dates doing? Bartending? Waitressing? At least I am using my legal degree.
Loki13, I am sorry that you could not use your favorite class to help you in life, but that is your own fault, not Marguax Day's. To personally insult her not only speaks to your character, but also points out your own personal jealousy toward someone who turned her interest in international law into a success story. As posted earlier, it looks like you need to take some personal responsibility.
Kevin1!, I had an unpaid 1L UN internship. I also had an offer to extern with a Judge, unpaid. Both prestigious positions, but I chose the UN, and in fact, that is what got me my summer associate position at the NYC city law firm, as the hiring staff was very impressed at how I am able to work in all types of environments and had an understanding the relevance of international agreements and treaties.
And finally, I had an interview to be a clerk at an international trade judge, and Loki13, I was rejected because I never took administrative law.
To be honest, this really is not a big issue. We are discussing an elective class that students may wish to take or not to take. Learning more about international law, from human rights to trade to business transactions helped me greatly, and I know it helped my fellow peers at Case Western. Law school is mostly what you make of it.
1. I hesitated to use the actual name of the poster who went by "Case Alum". However, given that is was available to anyone who looked at the email link, and given that this alum was of recent vintage (this summer) and was an RA for the professor of the course in question, I thought that information might be of interest. I did not go to Case, know close to nothing about the school, but do believe that in my experience the quality that one student ascribes to a course with a professor with whom they have a long-lasting mentor relationship with is usually different than that of the rest of the student body.
2. I am unsure why the previous poster wrote, "I am sorry that you could not use your favorite class to help you in life, but that is your own fault, not Marguax Day's. To personally insult her* not only speaks to your character, but also points out your own personal jealousy toward someone who turned her interest in international law into a success story. As posted earlier, it looks like you need to take some personal responsibility. " I wrote that the most *useful* class I ever took was Conflict of Laws- which is true. It is incredibly useful to me, and, as an intellectually stimulating class, was incredibly fun as well. However, I think for the vast majority of practicing lawyers, the class would be near-useless (quick review- when in doubt, default to the forum state). While I am sure that we could now compare the vault number of our respective firms or the prestige of the COA of the judges we clerked for, that's as unseemly as the jerkoff waiting to drop the "H" bomb in a conversation ("Oh... I went to a law school in the northeast... oh... um... yeah... in Cambridge.) Besides, the previous poster now works at a "top 100 law firm". Well, after the deferral. Defensive, much?
*the personal insult? I wrote she was the class of 2009, and she was a research assistant to the professor. Wait- here's the full text: "Personally, I am not entirely convinced when Case Alum (aka Margaux Day, class of 2009 and Michael Scharf's research assistant) wades in to defend her mentor. A personal experience does not translate into a ringing endorsement for everyone." Man... that's just... so harsh! I am so personally insulting!
3. Again, I wrote that I have no problem with International Law. Just like I have no problem with, oh, poverty law, or employment law, or family law. What I think is funny, to me, is the number of places that now emphasize international law, compared to the number of actual jobs in the field. International law has a high sexy/jobs ratio, and I think it does a disservice to aspiring law students to teach it their first year. I think the core classes are (somewhat) more useful as foundational classes, and if there is to be a change, perhaps something along the lines of administrative law, which is becoming increasingly prevalent (even though my own particular area never encounters it) might be rotated in. However, of the people I know that have gone into "International Law-y" type jobs, many (I hesitate to say most, as I don't feel like doing a count right now) did not bother with my school's international law track. Moreover, I am somewhat confused by the references to people who have not been able to get jobs because they didn't have one class or another; in my limited experience of not too long ago, the requirements were:
1. Law Review
2. Moot Court (the real one, not the bogus one)
3. Secondary Journals/Trial Team/Secondary Moot Court (Maybe)
4. Foreign Language (for some firms)
5. GPA requirement
That's it. Some judges had strong preferences for students who had Federal Courts (Fed. Jurisdiction) or advanced Civil Procedure classes, and of course you needed some bankruptcy to go for bankruptcy clerkships.... but I don't remember a single employer making a requirement of having taken international law. Then again, I didn't attend Chase, so YMMV.
4. Finally, and without sounding too paranoid, the pro-Chase comments have a certain quality to them. I'm just sayin'. I know y'all have to try harder there in Ohio, but there's a fine line between wholesome pride and sweaty desperation. :)
Additionally, my supervisor at the government agency was excited to see my background in public international law and put me to work on the government's increasing caseload of international criminal work. There is lot of public international law required for the U.S. government to function; there is a reason, for example, why the Dept. of Justice has a liason at every U.S. embassy and why virtually every other government agency and department has people who specialize in international law. The military also does a TON of it.
Again, I'm not saying that you need to specialize in IL to do any of this, and I strongly believe that most of what you need to know you learn on the job anyway. But to deny the growing level of public IL in private practice and the legal field in general is just silly. And as a final point, I would note that what we're talking about is just a "specialty." Noone at Case is taking IL and just IL and nothing else besides IL. They're taking IL in addition to a normal law classload, and I'm obviously sold on the virtue of doing so in preparation for the real world. The appeal of Case to me, and to lots of others, is the offer of a good IL program BESIDES all the same old law at every other law school.
I stand corrected. Unbeknownst to me, a small school in Ohio with the 16th-ranked international law program (or some such) is just churning out an endless variety of both anonymous and (one not-so-anonymous RA) posters to defend the general utility of international law. Go figure.
When it comes the 1L curriculum, I guess I am a little bit reactionary. I don't necessarily see the advantage of having *any* electives your first year. One reason for this is practical- outside of the T14, the first year grades matter a great deal, and while there will be some natural variance due to the professors, there is a great advantage for the *students* knowing that they took a homogenous courseload when there might be competition for employers, clerkships, and spots on law review based on their GPA.
And of the courses that are offered, there is a pretty standard mix- property, contracts, conlaw, torts, crimlaw, civpro, and some sort of legal skills/writing/advocacy class take up the vast bulk, leaving little room for experimentation.
(Note that this isn't set in stone- some schools set conlaw in the second year, for example.)
So that brings us to the question- what courses would be *most* useful to the *most* students? Here is where the interesting questions come in, and where teachers try and advocate for their parochial interests. Talk to an ADR teacher, and they'll tell you that it's important for all soon-to-be lawyers to be exposed to it as soon as possible. What about evidence? That's pretty important, eh? Also on the bar. How about corporations- useful for transactional and litigation work. Family law? Yeah, that's a big percentage of cases in this country. Wills and estates? Choice of Law? Remedies? Professional Responsibility? Criminal Procedure? Administrative law? Adminlaw is so important some schools have already moved it into their first year.
But international law? Yes, it's super sexy. Yes, it attracts very smart professors who get to go to very nice conferences. But in terms of the number of real jobs that require it (as opposed to a job that has some interaction with some aspect such that you might need to quickly consult a treatise), it ranks well under everything from employment law to construction law (and just ahead of space law :) ), which makes it perfect for a second or third year elective course. I have seen nothing that makes me think that IL is better than any number of other courses as part of the 1L curriculum, which is what I thought the OP was about. Compare the number of jobs, for lawyers, at the State Department and at Hague as opposed to the number of jobs that would require, or administrative law, or CrimPro, and get back to me.
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