African American Self-Defense in the Jim Crow Era:

I’ve being doing some academic research on African American history from approximately the 1880s to the 1930s, and occasionally see a reference to an individual or community that responded to mob or other illicit violence with armed resistance. However, I’ve been unable to locate any book or article that discusses the subject in anything resembling a comprehensive way. Leads from readers would be appreciated (dbernste [at sign] gmu.edu).